Employees are one of the most important assets determining the success of an organization in a competitive environment. In this context, committed employees contribute maximally to organization's success and competitiveness. Employees who are committed to their organization are glad to be members of it consider in and experience good about the organization and what it stands for, and aim to do what is good for the organization. Fair reward practices are regarded by employees as a symbol that the organization concerns and supports its employees. So this study aims to study the relationship between Organizational Commitment and fair reward practices with special reference to engineers of NCR. In conducting this study, information about Fair Reward Practices, levels of organizational commitment and Turnover intention will collected from the engineers of NCR. To test the hypothesis correlation and simple linear regression is used. Keywords: Organizational Commitment, Fair Reward Practices, Human Resource Management, Turnover Intention, Employees.

Capital structure of a firm is an important financial decision and affects its financial risk and return. The purpose of this study is to examine the firm-level determinants of capital structure of listed manufacturing companies in India by using panel data regression method for a six year time period starting from 2010 to 2015. This study used a sample of 1283 listed manufacturing firms included in the manufacturing index of CMIE Prowess database. The study results reveal a significant positive relationship between the debt ratios and depreciation, R&D expenditure, liquidity of sampled firms. It is also found that the leverage ratios of these firms are negatively affected by profitability and tangible assets of the firms. Further, we observed an insignificant negative relationship between sales growth and debt ratios of sampled firms. The empirical results support the trade-off theory of capital structure. Keywords: Capital Structure, Panel Data, Listed Firms, India

Purpose: The purpose is to study adoption and diffusion of innovation amongst textile marketers in the city of Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India towards services provided by Wholesale box. Design/methodology/approach: Authors have done empirical research while analyzing the data gathered through primary sources and discussed their viewpoints. Findings: Respondents were categorized in to three categories namely “first adopters”, “late adopters” and “non adopters.” Merchant and website factors affect the process of adoption and diffusion of innovation amongst textile marketers. Originality/value: This is a fairly original paper which studies and discusses adoption of innovation. Keywords: Innovation, Adoption, Diffusion, Merchant Factor, Website Factor, Purchase Intention. Paper type: Research Paper

Internet banking has emerged as the most lucrative and cost effective service in electronic commerce. While the movement of the major banks and financial service providers towards the digital channels, the future scope of online presence appears highly optimistic. Besides offering major banking services through this mode, the banks and financial service providers get platform to maintain direct connect with their customers that enable them to offer superior services and strengthen customer relations. The present study investigates the moderation effect of user experience with varied lengths of use on the adoption intention and continued use towards internet banking. The study extends technology acceptance model to examine the user perceptions towards internet banking over a period of time. The findings highlight the differences in behavior based on the frequency use. The study provides useful implications for the academicians and the managers. Keywords- Internet Banking, Experience, Adoption Intention, Technology Acceptance Model

Financial inclusion, of late has assumed a development policy priority in many countries. For a country of continental proportions like India, wherein around 28 per cent of the population suffers from chronic poverty and hunger, the need for reaching out to the 'bottom of the pyramid' becomes even more pronounced. Financial inclusion thus becomes imperative to ensure comprehensive development of a country. To actualize such an objective, banks play a majorly important catalytic role. In India, major (banking) efforts in this regard were initiated around the year 2004 when 'financial inclusion' was made an explicit policy objective and the provision of 'no frill' saving account/s was thrust upon. With this backdrop, the paper seeks to examine the inter-state progress in achieving the objective of 'financial access to all' at two points in time, viz. 2002-03 and 2012-13 (period before and after the banking sector drive, directed towards inclusion). The results indicate absence of any drastic improvement in the computed values of IFIs for the two years under study. The results additionally highlight regional imbalances in the inclusion extent across the states of the country (IFI values ranging from 1 for Chandigarh to as low as 0.00 for Manipur for the year 2002-03). With the exception of North Eastern 'sister states', the level of financial inclusion seems to reflect a movement in tandem with the extent of per capita income and the extent of socio economic development (HDI). Financial inclusion is, therefore an ineludible dimension of socio economic development. To capture this essence, a modified measure of HDI, as an improvement over HDI has been computed to measure the extent of a regions' socio economic development by encompassing in addition to the life expectancy index, education index and GDP index for a country, the index for financial inclusion. Notably, the index of financial inclusion is less than the reported human development levels of all states; hence the value of modified HDI falls below the HDI value for all states. Keywords: Financial Inclusion, Socio Economic Development, Indian States

Rural poor and women are of major concern in developing nations. Microfinance programmes in India have proved to be a powerful tool for the betterment and empowerment of poor especially women. NABARD being an apex body for the rural India has taken effective steps regularly for bringing the women at par with men in rural areas by assisting them financially as well as technically to ultimately become micro entrepreneurs. In SHG Bank Linkage Programme, banks have played a vital role in providing financial services to people through the effective channel of SHGs. The strengthening of the SHG System along with other models of providing microfinance is necessary for promoting extensive financial inclusion in rural sector. SHG Bank Linkage Model with the continuous support to major players in banking sector ensures increased financial inclusion of the rural India. Disbursing credit to the members is the mainstay of microfinance programmes. It will help the members to become self-regulating and supplement their family. Bank Loans play an essential role in ensuring better performance of the group and its members. The rationale of this study is to scrutinize the role of Microfinance as developmental tool which focuses on the banking and financial services availed through SHG Bank Linkage Programme by rural poor including women. We have also analysed the contribution of SHG Bank Linkage Programme in providing credit to the SHGs across various states of India. Keywords: Microfinance, Self Help Groups, SHG Bank Linkage Programme

Entrepreneurship has gained much interest in many parts of the world because of its association with the economic development. It is usually believed to be a venture creation process but in the present study the concept has been broadened to include the innovative behaviour within the existing organizations. Various approaches assessing the entrepreneurial behaviour have already been taken but its importance and application in the franchised type business is confined to pencil and paper measures only. The present study thus developed an instrument that purport to measure key entrepreneurship attributes in the franchised outlets from franchisors perspective and relevant empirical evidence is reported. In addition to this the current study also tried to evaluate the main franchisor development dimensions making the franchisors to offer franchises. Keywords: Entrepreneurship traits, Franchisor development.

Non-performing Assets (NPAs) are the main reason of draining the capital and weakening the financial strength of Banks. In order to increase the efficiency and profitability of banks the NPA requirement to be controlled and reduced. This study emphases on the growing concern of mounting NPA in Indian banking sector and impact of corporate governance practices on Non-Performing Assets1 (NPA) Management. Using the statistical tool correlation, this study highlights the correlation between weighted corporate governance score and net NPA ratio of public and private sector banks in India. Further regression analysis is performed to determine the impact of corporate governance practices in Indian public and private sector banks on their NPA management. Findings of the study advocates that, the correlation between average weighted CG score and net NPA ratio in public sector banks is significant and the impact (based on regression value) of average weighted CG score on net NPA ratio is also significant in public sector banks. In case of private sector banks both correlation and impact was found to be insignificant. But the irony is that both correlation and impact (based on regression value) was found to be positive in all cases which indicates that CG measures are improving over the last Six (06) years but not resulting in lower NPA neither in public nor in case of private sector banks in India. Keywords: Corporate Governance, Banking Sector, NPA, Asset Quality, Bad Loans, RBI.

The present study aims to investigate the influence of internal marketing on employee job satisfaction and impact of employee job satisfaction on employee engagement. Data was collected from the different branches of J&K bank operating in Jammu city. Data was collected through self-administered survey from 182 respondents. The reliability of the measures is checked by calculating the value of Cronbach's alpha. Correlation analysis indicates the relation between internal marketing, employee job satisfaction and employee engagement. Further, regression analysis is done to check the impact of the Internal marketing on employee job satisfaction and the impact of employee job satisfaction on employee engagement. Finding support the hypothesis that internal marketing practices have positive influence on job satisfaction among employee and employee job satisfaction positively influences employee engagement. This paper contributes to existing knowledge by studying various internal marketing practices in banking organization, which have a direct impact on employee job satisfaction and employee engagement. Thus, the result of this study will provide practitioners with better insights into innovative internal marketing practices that could elevate job satisfaction among employee and ultimately engagement of employees. Keywords: Internal Marketing Practices, Employee Job Satisfaction, Employee Engagement Banking Sector.

A vibrant capital goods industry group is prerequisite for propelling the growth of the manufacturing sector in any country irrespective of its stage of economic development. The present paper seeks to assess the average rate of capacity utilization of Capital Goods Industry in India for a period of eleven years from 2001-02 to 2011-12. Top 57 companies taken from BT-1000 on the basis of market capitalization (dated November, 2012) form the sample of the study. The data accessed from Annual reports of the companies relating to actual production and installed capacity show that average rate of capacity utilization in Capital Goods Industry is 69.22% and Compounded Annual Growth is 0.77% during the time period under consideration. Rate of capacity utilization went up during the post reform period of 2001-02 to 2006-07, dropped in the recessionary years 2007-08 and 2008-09 and again started rising from the year 2009-10 onwards. This study also analyzes the averages of capacity utilization in subindustries of Capital Goods Industry group. The results show that Non- Electric Machinery Group has capacity utilization of 73.71%, followed by Automobile and Transport Equipment Industry Group with 70.69% and then Electric Machinery Group at 65.63% and at last General Purpose Machinery Group with 65.53% capacity utilization. The Capital Goods Industry group witnessed near about 31% unutilized capacity due to certain bottlenecks like inadequate supply of critical inputs like power, coal, steel, transport, imported inputs, spare parts and components, over-aged plants, and lack of technological competence. These obstacles must be overcome to make our country self-reliant and move towards optimal utilization of available resources.

The aim of this exploratory research is to rank and analyze the effectiveness of teaching methods in the field of entrepreneurship using Satisfaction Matrix Model (SatMat). The primary data was collected from 52 students involved in the field of entrepreneurship through a structured questionnaire. The psychometric instrument consisted of 16 teaching methods. Cronbach's alpha, mean and Friedman's test were employed in SPSS to assess the level of satisfaction and dissatisfaction of entrepreneurship students toward the effectiveness of teaching methods and understanding the gap between current situation and desired future state. The results reveal that students considered practical work as the most appropriate and holding auditions as the least appropriate teaching method used by classroom professors. However, the results depicted by SatMat in the University of Sistan and Baluchestan are exactly opposite. According to the model, holding an audition by professors reflected highest performance in entrepreneurial teaching while practical work indicated lowest performance in entrepreneurship education methods. The results of the research deal with development of entrepreneurship education at universities. Keywords: Effectiveness, Teaching Methods, Academic Entrepreneurship, Satisfaction Matrix Model, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran.

Anchoring on the life, culture, experience, and language usage of respondents, the paper seeks to explore alternative perspectives relating to the structure and content of self-control phenomenon at individual and collective levels. It proposes using multifarious approaches to capture the equivalent, associative, and hierarchical relations of self-control concept. The study content analyzed selfcontrol's words from a pool of 425 respondents, using three different qualitative methods: (1) judgment-based, (2) latent semantic analysis, and (3) latent dirichlet allocation. The judgment-based method revealed that self-control has twelve dimensions at the collective level. At individual level, self-control was partitioned into thirteen topics, using latent dirichlet allocation, and thirteen factors, using latent semantic analysis. Main contributions: The paper uncovers multiple structures and content of self-control phenomenon, which provide solid foundation for future study of self-control phenomenon, such as scale development or literature synthesis of the concept as well as implications for public policy. Keywords: Qualitative, Self-control, Latent Semantic Analysis, Latent Dirichlet Allocation, Judgment-based

Purpose – The purpose of this research paper is to study the financial literacy and investment behaviour of the working women and also to find out their most preferred and popular investment instruments. Design/methodology/approach – Descriptive research having 168 female teaching faculties of Banaras Hindu University as respondent for the study. Questionnaire technique was followed to obtain the required information which was divided into two parts. The first part covers the demographic information and the second part coves 14 investment questions. The data was collected from the respondents about their financial knowledge through questionnaire consisting of questions relating to their knowledge of different financial investment avenues and their own choices of investment. Findings – The study found that in spite of working at good positions women were not feeling confident while taking their own investment decisions, were investing for shorter period of time and have moderate risk appetite. The study also reveals that the most preferable investment avenue among women is fixed deposits. Originality/value – The present study is considered the first of its kind conducted on the female teaching faculties of BHU. To the best of knowledge, no such studies have been conducted regarding studying of financial literacy relating to the knowledge of different financial investment avenues and choices of investment in BHU. Research limitations – The present study covers only female teaching faculties of BHU, further expansion in the study could be made out with all the teaching staff of BHU as well as other educational institutes in Varanasi. Keywords – Financial literacy, Investment behaviour, Financial instruments, Investment avenues.

Job satisfaction has its own description for each and every individual. Everyone has got his / her own taste and preference and thus is the variability in the level of job satisfaction. Every individual is influenced by his / her surroundings at home / workplace by family members, friends and colleagues. This environmental influence has a major impact on the job satisfaction of the individuals. The basic objective of the research paper is to study the satisfaction level of employees regarding job characteristics like Neat and Clean Place, Working Conditions, Security at Work Place, Stressful Environment, Workload according to Responsibility, Sufficient Opportunity for Future Development, Full Support for Innovative Ideas, Senior's Support for Initiation, Work Environment, Proper Recognition from Patients and their Relatives, Maintain Living Standards with Salary Income, Full Support from Administration, Full Support for Innovative Ideas, Support from Seniors and Relationship and Coordination with Others have been selected for the study. The primary data has been collected through the preset questionnaire from 351 employees including 53 Doctors, 18 Rural Medical Assistant, 73 Nurses and 207 Paramedical staff. For analysing the data chi-square test has been used. The selected job characteristics are greatly influenced by the age of the respondents, nature of the job, category of the respondents, salary of the respondents and the working duration. Overall the hospital staffs of Bilaspur and Durg division of Chhattisgarh are satisfied with their present job conditions. Keywords: Work Environment, Job Satisfaction, Environmental Influence, Hospital Staff.

The present study aims to investigate the impact of crude oil price on OPEC nations' stock market sample indices during the study period. The sample indices of OPEC nations were selected from the official websites of respective stock markets, MSCI website and Investing.com. The study used Descriptive statistics, ADF test, Correlation analysis, Regression analysis and GARCH (1, 1) Model, to find out whether crude oil price affected the OPEC nations' stock market indices during the study period. The studies revealed that QE index is highly volatile compared to other indices. Hence the study advises investors to look into other factors such as the exchange rate, reserves and other macro variables, if they wish to consider investment in OPEC stock markets. Keywords: OPEC nations, Stock market indices, Correlation Analysis, Regression analysis and GARCH (1, 1) Model. GEL: F15, F21, F36, G15.

This is a review of the present state of the network marketing industry operating in India. Though it is more than a century old industry but just a couple of decades old in India. The passage of this industry has not been easy as it has been widely misunderstood and confused with the money circulation schemes. The Ponzi schemes have been hard to distinguish and affect the industry adversely. We make an attempt to set a clear differentiation between the two so as to validate the genuine network marketing operators in the country. We also consider the efforts made by the companies to establish their legitimacy and the resultant action thereafter. The paper discusses the hardships faced by the NMOs which at one time resulted in the arrest of Amway CEO William S. Pinckney and their relentless fight towards legitimacy, which resulted in the Ministry of Consumer Affairs releasing the Direct Selling Guidelines in October 2016. An extensive review of literature was done to establish a connect between NMOs operating in the world and their inroads into the Indian economy. We also studied the upcoming Indian companies who are giving tough competition to the network marketing heavyweights. There are a number of surveys and reports that establish credibility of the said industry. Many premier business/ trade organizations like FICCI, PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry IDSA, KPMG, Indicus etc. carried out extensive surveys on the state of direct marketing in the country. PHDCCI-IDSA Annual Survey Report 2015-16 announced a steady growth of around 10% P.A. for the industry since last 20 years. The industry boosted of a turnover of over 8300 Crores in 2014-15, which is expected to cross 25000 Crore mark by the FY 2024-25. FICCI-KPMG's “Direct 2016” establishes a quantifiable connect between the Direct Selling companies and their contribution to the Government of India initiatives like Skill India, Make in India, Women Empowerment, Digital India and Startup India etc. Amway-Indicus India Entrepreneurship Report measures the Entrepreneurial Confidence and Readiness Indices across various Indian states. Finally, we conclude with a note on way forward and future of NMOs in India. Keywords: Network Marketing, Multi-Level Marketing, Amway, MLM, Direct Selling, IDSA, Make in India, Startup India, Women Empowerment

This study is done to seek the answer of question that why a particular currency such as US Dollar dominates in world as international currency. To understand the answer of that question, first the characteristics of international currency are discussed and analyzed that how US Dollar fulfill all these essential characteristics of international currency. Next question which is tried to solve in this paper is that which important factors a country should have to internationalize its currency. Next it is discussed that after internationalize its currency, which costs & benefits as well as positive & negative externalities a country would face. As there is continuous debate about the future of US Dollar, it has been tried to find out whether US Dollar can be replaced by another international currency in near future. To find the answer of all above questions, theoretical or conceptual approach is followed. After analyzing the literature and understanding the current position of US Dollar as international currency, it has been concluded that there is less chance that US Dollar can be completely replaced by another international currency in near future. But as the influence of Euro has increased in European region, Euro can replace the US Dollar in this region. Same way, Chinese Renminbi can become the powerful international currency in Asian region in future. So, in future we can see the multi international currency world, where a currency will dominate in a particular region only. Keywords: International currency, US Dollar, Euro, Chinese Renminbi, Currency trade blocks.