Social
Innovation as an Instrument for Productive and Self-reliant Ageing
Sooraj
KV
Ph.D. Research Scholar,
Department
of Social Work,
Central
University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi.
Email:soorajkv1989@gmail.com,
Mob:
09846451811 (Corresponding Author)
Prof.
Channaveer RM
Professor
and Head,
Department
of Social Work
Central
University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi.
Email:
drchannaveer@yahoo.com
Mobile:
09481865044
Rameez
Manzoor
Ph.D. Research Scholar,
Department
of Social Work,
Central
University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi.
Email:
bhatrameez3286@gmail.com
Mobile:
07889588039
Social
Innovation as an Instrument for Productive and Self-Reliant Ageing
Abstract:
Ageing
is characterised by number of physical, emotional, economic, and social changes
that makes their life entirely different from others. Elderly period or late
adulthood is considered as the second childhood of a person, which requires
care and protection by the family and society, similar to the care they give to
a child. Physical illness, social isolation, economic dependence, and
loneliness are coming hand-in-hand with ageing. Since the elderly population of
India crosses 104 million (Census, 2011), addressing their concerns are gaining
momentum. Ensuring a healthy ageing by engaging with them, making their life
economically, socially and culturally more productive with social innovation
are introduced in the elderly care. These innovative ideas integrate the
existing systems, services and resources with novel concepts, which are usually
cost-effective in nature and easy to use, can make the life of elderly more
secure and joyful. With the introduction of Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) based services and products, creation of opportunities for
better social interaction and social networks, economic and health care
services, social innovation can play an important role to ensure a productive
and self-reliant ageing.
Key
Words: Elderly people, social innovation, productive life, self-reliant ageing,
social interaction, ICT.
Introduction
Elderly
population
The
increase in elderly population has become a matter of concern in the global
level that attracts the national and international bodies to invest time and
resources in elderly care. The improved medical and health care facilities
impacted in the demographic data of the entire world. It characterises the
elderly population in overtaking the general population trends. Increased life
expectancy, advanced medical care facilities and reduced fertility rates are
contributing to the ageing of population, which influenced in the population
trends- a shift from youth to elders.
Ageing
can be explained as the people above 60 years old. Since there is no
standardized definition to define the ageing, the UN uses 60 and above as the
cutting age to define elderly people. In India also the same criterion is been
followed, i.e., persons having the age of 60 or above are considered as elderly
(National Policy for Older Persons, 1999).
The
statistics reveals that the total population of elderly people is around 962
million in the world (UN, 2017) and 104 million in India (Population Census of
India, 2011). In 2000 the life expectancy of Indians were 62.9 (Census, 2011)
and in 2017 it has reached to 68.8 (World Health Statistics, 2018). It is estimated that, by 2050 the population
of elderly is going to increase by 2.1 billion and it will overtake the 2.0
billion expected population of adolescents and youth of 10-24-year-old (UN,
2017). The given below graph (UN, 2010) shows the estimated global population
trends for the year 2050 with a comparison of the population of children.
Figure
1: Young children and older adults as a percentage of global population:
1950-2050
Source:
united Nations, World Population Prospectus: The 2010 revision
Along
with the positive results of increased life expectancy and reduced morbidity
that results in high number of elderly population, it has created new
challenges to the world. Since the ageing population is characterized with
number of physiological, psychological, social and economic aspects (Mane,
2016), addressing these situations are the biggest challenge. The age, health
status, socio-cultural and economic statuses are to be taken care to address
the problems of elderly people (Mane, 2016). Lack of social interaction,
loneliness, retirement from the organised job sector, economic dependency is
seen in the ageing population. Since India is the home for more than 104 million
elderly people, without addressing their problems and issues we cannot move
forward. From time immemorial, the national and international bodies are
investing on the elderly care in the form of welfare programs and policies; but
they are not reaching to the beneficiaries properly or it remains unaddressed
(Bartwal J, Rawat CS &Awasthi S, 2016).
Here
in this paper the researchers try to analyse how the concept of Social
innovation (SI) can be linked with effective delivery of services and thereby
considering the needs and concerns of elderly people.
Social
innovation (SI)
Innovation
talks about something new- it can be either product or services introduced in
the market. Innovation started in the market economy by introducing new
products or strategies to reduce the workload or for more effective service
delivery. It has made the life, working culture and working conditions more
easy and friendly. Apart from the market oriented concept, recently, innovation
has gained the attention and new interpretations has come up with different
characteristic features (Kesselring, A, Blasy, C. and Scoppetta, A, 2014).
According to them innovation includes social interactions which results in the
extension of commercial products to non-commercial products and services. When
innovation has started to address the societal issues, which are unable to
address by the commercial market, and then it was started to call as social
innovation. The concept of social innovation is similar to Innovation- that
deals with new idea or product or services; but the crux is the orientation of
social innovation is towards social issues rather than moneymaking.
Social
innovation is the concept of a new idea or practice that adopted to bring
changes and address some social concerns or issues. The definition given by
Rogers (1995) says “an idea, practice, or object that is perceived as new by an
individual or other unit of adoption”. Here the people who behind the
innovative idea or the ‘Social Innovator’ tries to address a social issue by putting
forward much easiest, simple, finest and accessible solution to the target
population and doing so it can reduce the efforts of people which they had used
to do. The very idea of social innovation is to reduce the human efforts by the
introduction of new technological and human competencies to address the needs
and demands in the society in general and weaker sections in specific. The
innovative idea can be technological or non-technological, the business model
can be commercial or non-commercial, and finally public, private, or civil
society actors can drive the management.
Productive and self-reliant ageing
With the increase of life expectancy, the
questions on productivity of elderly people also raises. The concept of
productive ageing is related to the contribution of elderly towards their own
lives and to their society where they live and interact. It was Robert Butler who used the concept first in the year 1982 to give a positive idea on
population ageing. Until that time, the word ageing was perceived and explained
as a negative connotation associated with dependency to others. Productive ageing can be explained as the
diverse activities that an elderly person engaged to make efforts to maintain
their own health, make contribution to their families, to their communities and
to the society where they live and interact (Butler, 2002). The
Productivity Commission in Australia (2004) has opined that the productivity
declines when the people gets old. One of the reasons is ageing is associated
with number of physical and psychological mal-adjustments. Therefore, they may
not be able to practice the economic activity as similar to which they
previously doing. Here this situation become a challenge and opportunity for
the policy makers as India is having more than 104 million (Census, 2011)
population of elderly. At a time, the focus should be given to address the
elderly people’s concerns over productivity and utilise the human resources of
elderly population.
Similar to productive ageing, making the elderly
self-reliant is another challenge to the country. The term productive ageing
was only dealing with the economic aspects; but the self-reliance has some more
areas to discuss. Helping themselves is the crux of the concept of
self-reliance. Taking care of their day-to-day activities such as bathing,
brushing, dressing, cooking, consulting doctor, going to market, maintaining a
good life etc. are being discussed under the term self-reliance of elderly
(Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, 2015). Hence ageing is associated with number
of health problems, self-reliance become difficult to the elderly people.
Making them self-reliant is the biggest challenge that a developing country
like India has to face. For the effective utilisation of human resource of elderly,
integration of modern technologies and innovative ideas are very important.
Ageing
and Social Innovation
The
advancements in technology, better health care services, and treatment
modalities have made an impact in the ageing and longevity of the population.
Around 11 % Indian population are elderly people (Census, 2011). As we all know
that ageing is connected with number of health related needs and issues, it is
high time to analyse and study how new innovative ideas, especially social
innovative ideas can be interlinked to the delivery of services and products to
elderly. The study conducted by WHO (2017) on Mental health of older adults
shows that people with dementia are in need of support from health, social,
financial and legal systems for the effective delivery of elderly care. The
innovations for ageing population is intended for restructuring the existing
the services- care, housing, mobility and other important aspects of life- for
an elder friendly environment (Howaldt and Schwarz, 2010). The insights from
the OECD-GCOA Expert Consultation (2015) talks about how the information and
communication technologies (ICT) and internet can be utilised for an active,
healthy and productive ageing. The given below table (Knowinno-Innoserv
Project, 2012) shows the clear picture of social innovation and how it can be
linked with social and health care services to the elderly population.
Table
No.1 Social innovation and health care of elderly
The
framework talks about five types of innovations namely new services, new way of
delivery, governance, resourcing and evaluation.
In
this paper, we tries to understand and analyse how the social innovative ideas
can be connected with elderly people with a view to help and support them for
effective delivery of services and thereby ensuring productive and independent
ageing. In compliance with the report of WHO (2017) which noted down the areas
of intervention required for active and healthy ageing, the idea of social
innovation for elders can be given in the given areas:-
1. Social Innovative Services
·
Health services
·
Social and cultural
support
·
Economic support
2. Social Innovative Products
·
Assistive technology
·
Information
Communication and Technology (ICT)
Conceptual
framework
Figure 2: Social Innovation to assist the elderly population
Social
Innovative Services to Elderly
This
section discusses important social innovation services that facilitate elderly
wellbeing and productivity. They are efficient and effective health care
delivery, providing social, cultural and economic services. Also, the reader
here is encouraged to adopt an entrepreneurial lens to critically analyse and
understand the embedded business lacunas these services provide. Innovation for
value creation (Munshi, N. V. 2010) is widely discussed in social business
clusters and globally. Product innovations targeting for elderly or financing
elderly to promote start-upculture are raisingareas which needs
exploration.
Health
services are the most important areas to be taken care for elderly people. In health care, social innovation can be
referred as the concept that features cost-effective delivery of health
services and insightful use of ICT. The focus of the innovation is to get
convenient, effective, and low cost delivery of health care services to the
people (Herzlinger, 2006). Thus, here health innovations are dealing with a new
idea and their implementations that can improve the quality of services which
previously existing or new and ensure minimum expenditure for the same. For
this, the effective utilisation of technology is much important (Goodman,
2014). Residential care (e.g., Social Geriatric Centre “Protection”- ISEDT-RAS,
House of Michele -LAMA (SI-Drive, 2016).), Palliative care services (India),
mobile hospital services (e.g., Smile on Wheels, India) are some of the
examples of health sector social innovation for elderly people. Through health
care service innovations, the elders are supposed to get education on
nutrition, ageing, and its health, physical activity, physical and psychosocial
well-being.
Social
and cultural support
The
concept of Social participation is dealing with the socialisation of elderly
with their immediate environment. ‘Commitment 2 of the UNECE strategy on
ageing: to ensure full integration and participation of older persons in
society’ talks about the importance of connecting the elders with the social
and cultural services (UNECE Policy Brief on Ageing, 2009). The main aim is to
ensure the participation of older persons in political and economic life and to
improve their access to transport, appropriate housing, and cultural
activities. The very basic idea is lies in the importance of “balanced
intergenerational relationships” (UNECE, 2009) which can mould the present
situation to a more convenient and elder friendly. The volunteerism by youth
and elders (themselves for their peer groups) will have a potential to have a
finest socialisation opportunities. Healthy and productive ageing have a direct
connection with the socialisation of people. Here socialisation means fruitful
interaction with the family, peer group, society and other stakeholders and
systems. Studies suggest that there is a chance of increasing number of elderly
people who experiences loneliness due to lack of opportunities for
socialisation due to retirement, death of family members, friends or some close
relatives or poor health (British Columbia Ministry of Health, 2004). As per
the statistics based on the 2011 Census data of India, in the age group of
60-64 around 22% are widowed (The Hindu Business Line, 2018). In this regard,
the scope of innovative ideas for social and cultural support gains momentum.
Voluntary care for Elderly people, Day care centres, library facilities,
voluntary groups, and clubs are some of the innovative ideas, which will be
helpful to the elderly people to be engaged. Participation in various
socio-cultural activities helps the people for an active and productive life.
Thus, here innovative ideas can have an important role.
Economic
services
Participation
of elderly in economic activities is an inevitable thing that can help them for
a productive ageing. They had been engaging with number of livelihood
opportunities in all these years and capitalising those experiences will give
them a feeling of being productive which definitely will make a positive
thinking on their perspective on ageing. In addition, obviously the workplace
gives income and opportunities of social networks that can take into another
level of socialisation. The study conducted by the Indo-German Social Security
Programme on “impact of elderly self-help groups on quality of life of elders
in Bihar” shows that after engaging with SHG there is a positive change in
their economic status, status in the family and peer group networks. The given below table shows how SHG helped
the elderly to become more productive in economic terms.
Table
2: Impact of loan in case villages: ESHG vs. Non-ESHG Members
|
Respondent Category |
What impact did the
loans have on your financial condition? |
||
|
Supported livelihood |
Increased financial
liability |
Created debt trap |
|
|
ESHG Members |
83.6 |
12.0 |
3.8 |
|
NESHG Members |
45.5 |
43.6 |
10.9 |
*Source: Indo-German Social Security
Papers- Paper II (2015)
India
have a 100 million population of elderly people (Census, 2011) of which 66% of
elderly men and 28% of elderly women in rural areas and 46% among elderly men
and about 11% of elderly women in urban areas were economically active (MoSPI,
2016). These data are showing a great scope for a well-equipped social innovative
idea to utilise this human resource would help the country in general and the
aged population in specific, which can cater the economic and social, needs and
demands of the community. Start-ups for engaging in agricultural activities,
entrepreneurial activities, SHGs, and Co-op societies would be helpful in this
regard.
Social
innovative products
Assistive
technologies (AT) for elderly
The
technologies nowadays have made the life easier by introducing innovative
concepts to assist the people in general and in particularly for the elders.
Assistive technology is defined as “equipment that can be personalized and that
can maintain or improve the capacities of a person with medical problems…”
(Gamberini et. al, 2006). By ensuring access to technology and information, the
basic concept of AT is to make an elder friendly environment by assisting them
in their daily life. It helps the elders to maintain independence, assists in
healthcare services, manage the loneliness, make healthy environment in own
house, access to information, helps in increased social interaction, etc.
(Gamberini et. al, 2006).
Gamberiniet.
al (2006) explains the different sets of ideas linked to technology and elderly
care. It starts with tele-health care that can be useful to get health care
advices and maintain a contact with the elderly person and the health care
specialist. Next one is about the deliberate use of sensors to constantly
collect the information of the location and the activities he/she does which
will be very useful to cognitive and physical supervision by the experts. In
developed countries already, they have introduced robots that can detect the
person in need and communicate it to the relatives or care givers. This will be
beneficial to those who stay alone in their house, for an example, if they fall
down the robot can detect it and inform caregivers by sending alarm (Cesta, A
et. al, 2007).
Marasinghe
KM, et al. (2015) has listed out the assistive technologies widely used for
elders in six different countries. They are as follows:-
Table
3: Different assistive technologies used in different countries
Information
and Communication Technology
The
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) have made momentum in the
societies and especially in the health care sector by providing new ways of
assistance to the needy people with the advanced means of communication
systems. The ICT have defined as “the instruments and procedures that allow the acquisition, production,
treatment, communication, registry, and presentation of information in the form
of voice, images, and data contained in acoustic, optical or electromagnetic
signals (While A, & Dewsbury G, 2011)). When analysing delivery of health services to the
elderly, the communication technologies become inevitable in these years. For
an instance, there are some technologies, which uses sensors which attached
with garments that is designed to communicate with smartphones to monitor and
assess the information of the elderly patients (Ozdalga E, Ozdalga A, Ahuja N, 2012). Thompson et. al (2011) In
their study explained about the technology based service, “the tele-health kiosk” in Canada how the
technology helps to gather information on health record of elderly. The kiosk
includes a blood pressure and heart beat monitor, glucometer, and weighting
scale. It uses internet services to record and keep the data. In India under
the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) scheme, the community health workers
or ASHA workers were provided with Blood Pressure Monitor to help the people in
the villages. This is a kind of social innovation with less- free of cost
service provided at the doorstep of needy people. The studies suggest that (Sayago, Forbes
&Blat, 2012; Ray, 2009) the use of ICT by elders became like a daily
routine and it has become an important part in delivery of health care services
to elders. And the recent trends in the digitalised economy, with the support
of internet and smart phones, the elders feel much independent in using e-services like banking, shopping and connect
with social and health services (Keränen et.al (2017).
Some of the innovative ideas in ICT for elders
are given below.
Table 4: Different ICTs for elders
Being productive and securing economic returns at
the elderly age is expected to contribute to the mental health and well being.
The above discussed service models of social innovation substantiate the
possibility of promoting entrepreneurship culture as a means for it.
Integration of technology to the livelihood seems to have eased up the process
of venturing and opens the doors for elderly people (Terjesen, S. 2005) to
design own business models.
Conclusion
Due
to the improvements in health and social care sectors, the life expectancy has
increased to 65 as per the Census 2011 of India. At the same time, the
demographic changes have created new needs and priorities. Ensuring social
security, issues related to physical and mental health, economic insecurity,
elderly abuse, and social isolation are the new challenges to the nation that
concerned with elderly population. To address these challenges the Government
has introduced number of programs, policies, and legislations. These policies
and programs has a coverage of a good portion of the elderly people and ensure
social security measures, health provisions, and social assistance.
The
integration of social innovation to facilitate effective delivery of services
is a new approach in elderly care. When we discuss on elderly, Productive and
self-reliant ageing are unavoidable. The effective use of information and
communication technologies has paved a culture of effective and efficient
service delivery, which will lead the elderly population to a productive and
self-reliant life. E-health systems, mobile applications, social robots, and
provisions for socio-cultural engagements are good examples of social
innovative ideas to cater the needs of elderly people. Making them capable of
independent and help themselves will have to be the focus of the policies and
programmes intended for elderly people. If the nation becomes efficient in
catalysing the experience and expertise of elderly, it will make a larger
impact in the life of elderly as well as in nation building. Ensuring support
and care to the elderly is the need of the hour that will help them for an
active, healthy and productive ageing.
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