|
Dr. Muhammad Ilyas Associate Professor College of Business Administration University of Hail, KSA |
Abstract
Objective:
The prime objective of the current study is to examine the impact of the mobilization
of resources, conditions of market, innovations in the micro-enterprises, and
international sociology on the intention of setting up a small business among
the foreign nationals in KSA. Addition to that, the study has also examined the
mediating role of Social Networking in the relationship between the mobilization
of resources, conditions of market, innovations in the micro-enterprises, and
international sociology and the intention of setting up a small business among
the foreign nationals in KSA.
Methodology: The
study has used the survey-based methodology and the data is collected from the
Pakistani immigrants living and working in KSA. The random sampling is used to
reach and select the population of the current study. A total 650 questionnaire
were distributed among the respondents. The response rate is turned out to be
53.2 percent. The SEM-PLS is employed to research data of the current study.
Findings:Results
reveals that the smaller enterprises of migrant get favorable market conditions
from both foreign and local populations. Some of the surveyed migrant
businesses fulfill the needs of compatriots. It has been found by researchers that immigrants are
involved in various social networks, which has significant impact on intention
of setting up a small business among the foreign nationals in KSA
Contribution:The study has contributed in the body of literature by examining
he the determinants of the intention of setting up a small
business among the foreign nationals in KSA. A gap has been identified in existing literature, and
the study has tried to bridge the gap.
Implication: This research would look or establish
the extent to which this was the case or not and how post vision 2030 will have
an impact in easing the tough situation, and what are the factors which affect
the intention of setting up a small business among the foreign nationals in KSA
Originality
and Value: The study is among the pioneer study
on the issues related to setting up a small business among the
foreign nationals in KSA.
Keywords:
Entrepreneurship, Social Networking, Expatriate Business
1.0.Background
In the social and
economic structure of Gulf countries, migrant labor is a key element. In the
six Gulf countries including UAE, Bahrain, Oman, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia,
migrant labor consists of about 49% of total population.Almost 70% of total
workforce is accounted by the migrant workers in these six countries of the
gulf region. The oil boom in 1973 attracted massive migrant labor. Moreover,
several projects of development were the cause of high inflow of migrant labor
in GCC region (Thiollet, 2011). The largest movement of migration
is considered the flow of migrants from the Arab world and South Asia region to
the Gulf region(Wickramasekara, 2016). The migration patterns have been
understood by thorough analysis of existing researches on the migration in Gulf
region. Moreover, previous studies have been supportive in knowing the
implications and causes of migration, recruitment, and remittances of migrants,
naturalization, citizenship, and related aspects(Oh, 2016).
Several areas have not been
focused by the existing research studies such as business operated by migrants
in the region. The role of private sector has been changed by the social act of
businesses operated by migrants in the Gulf region(Sidani & Al Ariss, 2014). Migrants run and even own some of
these migrant operated businesses. These migrants, who own these businesses,
came to the region as migrant workers. Afterwards, they changed their status
from a worker to entrepreneur. Therefore, a fascinating field of research on
migration has been constituted by the emergence of businesses by migrants in
Gulf region. This area of research has been ignored by the research studies,
which worked on Gulf migration(Rahman, 2018).The current population of Saudi
Arabia is more than 30 million. Out of total, 20 million people are local and
rests 10 million are migrants or foreigners. The economic development of the
country is greatly dependent on the migrant labor.For migrants from Pakistan,
it is a popular country. Almost 3 million people from Pakistan have moved to
Saudi Arabia for the sake of jobs during 1976 - 2016. However, 3% of migrants
had professional skills in terms of composition of skills, while remaining were
regarded as low skilled workers(Glitz, 2012). These low skilled workers
constitute about 1.3 million people from Pakistan, who are working in Saudi
Arabia. According to the estimate by some although some unofficial reports, the
real number of people migrated from Pakistan could be 2.5 million.The migrants
with low skills are recruited to do risky jobs, which may not be healthy. These
contracts are often renewed(Anderson, 2013).
The focus of this study
is the migrant workers from Pakistan, who have changed their status to migrant
entrepreneurs irrespective of the challenging circumstances in their journey. The
migrants of Pakistan are important because of their religion(Lefebvre, 2014). Moreover, these are the initial
group of migrants working in Saudi Arabia since 1970s.The entrepreneurship of
immigrant is considered as the process of global North, where high attention is
being received by the ethnic economies and immigrants in Western Europe and the
US (Muniandy, 2015). Therefore,
The understanding about
the migrant enterprises has been changed by the social phenomenon of businesses
by migrants in the region of Global South. This has been dominated by the
assumptions and interpretations quoted in West(Sørensen, 2012). Resultantly, the way in which
businesses were established by migrants has not been explored by existing
researches. The purpose of this research paper is to explore the way in which
migrant from Pakistan established business in Saudi Arabia(Nadim et al., 2016).
The backbone of the
Saudi economy is oil sector. The real wealth for the government is considered
the potential of human resource and young generation.The government has set a
vision 2030 to achieve a stable economy through provision of endless
opportunities for everyone. The private sector is empowered through better
opportunities for development of partnerships(Low, 2012). Moreover, the government aims at
provision of healthy employment for the people to bring prosperity into the
region. Three main pillars have been set by the government of Saudi Arabia in
its strategic vision, including an ambitious nation, a thriving economy, and a
vibrant society(Alshuwaikhat & Mohammed, 2017).
2.0.Literature
Review and Conceptual framework
2.1.The
control policy for Migrants in Saudi Arabia
The prime destination
for the migrants from East, West, and Asia has been Saudi Arabia(Mahfouz et al., 2013). More than 10 million are
non-local residents, which account for almost 35% of total population. The
country has been ranked on number 1 based on the remittance sending. In 2016,
the country was considered among the top five countries popular for migrant
destination.
The kafal system has
two overarching features. The first fact is its regulation and administration
by the Interior Ministry. Second fact is its formulation on the employer
sponsorship model of foreign labor. It means that the employer is responsible
for the migrant labor or worker(Rahman, 2018). The sponsor is the Kafeel, who
issues job contract that could be an institution or a placement agency. An
individual, who is the citizen of GCC country, can also issue the contract(Hvidt, 2016).
The migrants (worker or
businessperson) need to know about the region’s kafala system. Therefore, the
migrant is linked with the kafeel for a certain time period(Akzahrani, 2014). Passports and travel documents
are held by the kafeel. Migrants are also exploited through deny of proper
conditions and wages for their work(Hennebry & Preibisch, 2012). It is required to get an exit
permit by the migrants in Saudi Arabia when they leave the country. Moreover,
the employer is required to bear the cost of return ticket and exit visa at the
time of employment termination(Zahra, 2014). When the relation of employment
is broken, the migrant becomes illegal residents. The sponsorship cannot be
transferred by foreign workers to any other employer without the agreement of
the original Kafeel. Migrants cannot have sexual relations or marry local
people. Obstacles have been created for long-term settlement and reunion of
family through specific policies(Oishi, 2012). Within the framework of kafala,
some migrants have changed their status to entrepreneurs under the restrictive
control policy for migrants.
2.2.Conceptual
Framework
2.2.1. Mobilization
of Resourcesand intention of setting up a small
business among the foreign nationals in KSA.
An important challenge
in the creation of business is collection of required resources and capital.
For migrants, this is the biggest challenge. They cannot access the formal credit.
Therefore, different resources are used by migrants to start the business. For
instance, they use their savings (100%), borrow from friends (28%), relatives
(18%), Kafeels (24%), and other sources (6%). In case of informal credit, they
have to pay high interest.Further, different resources are used by migrants for
starting their businesses(Rahman, 2018). The most dominant source for
business start up is the savings of migrant. Savings constitute a major part of
capital rather than just financing of business.For instance, it was reported by
58% of migrants that 41-100% of their business capital was financed by their
savings. Migrants develop bonds with other migrants on foreign land through
sharing of work or living space.
New relations are
developed by migrants with other migrants because of economic and social
experiences and uncertainty. The common experience of migration shape this
newly developed friendship relations. More often, it becomes a key source for
capital start up(Khan et al., 2013). According to 28% respondents, who
were surveyed, they started business through collection of funds from friends
living in the country. Moreover, the relatives are used as a finance source. A
considerable portion for capital startup was taken from relatives in Saudi
Arabia as per 18% of respondents.
The migrant
entrepreneurs are also supported by some kafeels to start a business through
provision of capital finance for business place. It is important to note that
migrants did not seek financial funds from kafeels because of their involvement
in the monitoring of migrant’s business and sharing of profit. Another disadvantage
associated with financial funds from kafeel is risk of strain on the current
association of kafeel and migrant(Betseha, 2016). Therefore, we have proposed the
following hypothesis
H1:
Mobilization of Resources has significant impact on the and intention of
setting up a small business among the foreign nationals in KSA.
2.2.2. Conditions
of Market in Saudi Arabia and intention of setting
up a small business among the foreign nationals in KSA.
The migrant must start
business for the products/services, which are in demand. Almost one-third
people in the country are temporary migrants, which makes the demand for their
businesses straightforward. The number of migrants in the country results in high
demand for goods/services, which cannot be fulfilled by the locals(Aldhuwaihi, 2013). This demand is satisfied by the
migrants themselves. Moreover, local households demand for products, which are
affordable. Therefore, smaller enterprises of migrant
get favorable market conditions from both foreign and local populations. Some
of the surveyed migrant businesses fulfill the needs of compatriots. However,
some target foreigners and locals in the market. Different business types have
been presented which are being run by respondents in Saudi Arabia(Al Saleh, 2016). Diversity has been found in
migrant businesses as well as in their clientele. The clientele is comprised of
Pakistan i fellows, locals, and migrants for West, East, and Asia.
A three-step
classification for businesses of migrants has been given by this research study
based on the diversity in the composition of clientele and migrant businesses.
The first include businesses, which serve the local community. The second
involves businesses, which serve the South Asians compatriots.The third include
businesses serving South Asians and compatriots. Air conditioner repairing and
maintenance is one business, which serves both foreigners and locals(Rahman, 2019). Moreover, these businesses may
include suppliers of halal chicken, motor workshops, meat shops, perfume shops,
mobile and telecom, printing, hardware, and photocopy shops, electrical and
home appliances, and sanitary, etc. The businesses, which target local
population, include toyshops, tailoring shops, stationery, construction
supplies, scrap, laundries, painting etc.
Businesses, which serve
the South Asian or Pakistan i migrants, include barbers, grocery shops, sweet
shops, luggage stores, paan shops, umrah services, and restaurants. The
formation of a local SME sector is restricted by the long-term dependency on
revenues from oil and related industries in Saudi Arabia(Kayed & Hassan, 2011). All the aspects of routine life
of local citizens are touched by the implications of oil wealth. The attitude
toward work is the most relevant construct in the study. The people of Saudi
Arabia are dependent on the state and not using their potential to optimal
level(Alhyas et al.,2012). Resultantly, a large segment of
population in Saudi Arabia has been rendered to consider about private jobs
because of the dependency on state. Alternatively, the purpose of migrants is
to earn through working for themselves and their families in home country.
Therefore, they possess positive attitudes for work. Therefore, we have
proposed the following hypothesis
H2:
Conditions of Market has significant impact on the and intention of setting up
a small business among the foreign nationals in KSA.
2.2.3. Innovations
in the micro-enterprises of Migrants and intention
of setting up a small business among the foreign nationals in KSA.
Intense competition is
faced by the micro-enterprises of immigrants because of their nature. These
businesses have fewer rules for entrance, low requirement for capital and involved
in the retail market.Innovative ways are found by
entrepreneurs of Pakistan to do their business in a different way by complying
with the challenges in the economy. Keeping in consideration the nature of
enterprises established by immigrants in Saudi Arabia, innovations in
sales, products, and distribution are highlighted by this research study(Raafa & Sciglimpaglia, 2018). The innovation of product by
migrant business has been found in different areas such as the development of
new products, sale of old products at different location, and ensuring that the
product is authentic.The migrant business can target both local and foreign
customers by grocery shops(Tran et al.,2011). Grocery shops have been open by
the Pakistan i migrants through realization of demand for regional and national
products including snacks, bakery items, rice, drinks, culinary goods, etc.
Resultantly, they can offer new and old products to the customers. Therefore,
we have proposed the following hypothesis
H3:
Innovations in the micro-enterprises of migrants has significant impact on the
and intention of setting up a small business among the foreign nationals in KSA.
2.2.4. International
Sociology, Social Networkingand intention of
setting up a small business among the foreign nationals in KSA.
In 2012, there were
more than 1.9 million private sector companies in Saudi Arabia, which were
registered. This accounted for 87% of the private companies working with less
than 10 employees. These are regarded as micro enterprises(Faudot, 2019). In such enterprises, the working
hours are longer than normal and low profits are achieved. The customers with
low income are targeted by such micro-enterprises. Microenterprises are owned
by locals, but these are not directly operated by them. They recruit migrants
for this purpose to operate and manage the business. Resultantly, the
attractiveness and image are deteriorated for seeking employment by locals.
Several jobs were identified which are dominated by immigrants. An aversion has
been developed by locals toward such jobs due to the negative perception and
categorizing these as jobs for immigrants(Ambrosini, 2017). These jobs are termed as
immigrant jobs and such small enterprises with less than 10 employees are
regarded as immigrant businesses. These businesses give low reward to the
employees. Therefore, such businesses are not considered ideal by locals
because of low grade. These features make micro enterprises as immigrant
businesses for locals. In other words, locals are not attracted by these
businesses.
The relation between
entrepreneurs and their partners for the purpose of business is referred as
social networking. In other words, it is the relation between ego and changes
for the sake of business. It involves the change in the members of family,
business contracts, relatives, and friends. For entrepreneurs, social
networking is crucial for acquiring important business sources.An
important role is played by Network in binding and brining different companies
to an innovative system the
relationships are established, and partnerships are developed in an effective
way. It has been recognized by previous research studies that network is a
crucial information source of small enterprises and entrepreneurs(Alshuwaikhat & Mohammed, 2017). Network is the key information source for immigrant
entrepreneurs for making relations with customers, suppliers, and technology.
Moreover, it supports the immigrant entrepreneurs. Moreover, it
involves the collection of resources, which are scarce in the external
environment(Meister & Mauer, 2018). The previous research studies
reveal that different opportunities can be obtained through network
entrepreneur. It supports entrepreneurs in acquiring the resources in direct or
indirect way.Thenetwork of friends/family moveswith entrepreneurs in same
direction. However, these resources are not sufficient for the
entrepreneurs.Moreover, the extensive network is comprised of different experts
with varied professional and educational background (Clough et al., 2019).
Capital sources are
generated by members of network as diverse as customers, supply, finance, and
new technology. Entrepreneurs are allowed to develop capabilities through
diversification, which support the firms in the forming new competitive
advantage(Malecki, 2018). This may improve the performance of newly
established companies.
The study Has
proposed the following framework for the study. Therefore,
we have proposed the following hypothesis
H4:International
Sociology in KSA has significant impact on the and intention of setting up a
small business among the foreign nationals in KSA.
H5:
Innovations in the micro-enterprises of migrants has significant impact on the
and intention of setting up a small business among the foreign nationals in
KSA.
H6:
Social networking mediates the relationship between the International Sociology
in KSA andintention of setting up a small business among
the foreign nationals in KSA.
3.0.
Methodology
The study has used the
survey-based methodology and the data is collected from thePakistani immigrants
living and working in KSA. The random sampling is used to reach and select the
population of the current study. A total 650 questionnaire were distributed
among the respondents. The response rate is turned out to be 53.2 percent(Hafeez et al.,2018).
The SEM-PLS is employed as a statistical tool for the analysis of the
data. The reason, why SEM-PLS is its ability to handle normality issue in the
data. The scale of the current study is developed basing on the earlier
literature. The items of the questionnaire are verified on smaller sample and
also sent to expert for the verifications. The seven-point Likert scale was
used for measuring variables that ranges from 1
representing strongly disagree to 7 representing strongly agree.
4.0.Analysis
The SEM-PLS is a
two-stage process, which are the measurement model and the structural model.
The reliability and validity of the model is explained din the measurement
model. The structural model on the other hand examine the relationship between
and among the variables. The measurement model of the current study is shown in
the figure 1
Figure 1: Measurement
Model
One of the criteria
laid down by the researchers to determine the convergent is the outer loadings
values. According to Basheer et al. (2019), the outer loadings of the items
must be greater than 0.70. thus, the items with the outer loadings less than
0.70 are deleted from the analysis.
Table 1: Outer Loadings
|
|
INME |
ISOC |
MC |
MOR |
SMBI |
|
SN |
|
INME1 |
0.881 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
INME2 |
0.859 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
INME4 |
0.923 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
INME5 |
0.918 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
INME6 |
0.924 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ISOC2 |
|
0.918 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ISOC3 |
|
0.885 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ISOC4 |
|
0.855 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ISOC5 |
|
0.899 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
MC1 |
|
|
0.927 |
|
|
|
|
|
MC2 |
|
|
0.902 |
|
|
|
|
|
MC3 |
|
|
0.880 |
|
|
|
|
|
MC4 |
|
|
0.891 |
|
|
|
|
|
MC5 |
|
|
0.839 |
|
|
|
|
|
MOR2 |
|
|
|
0.839 |
|
|
|
|
MOR3 |
|
|
|
0.903 |
|
|
|
|
MOR4 |
|
|
|
0.909 |
|
|
|
|
MOR5 |
|
|
|
0.867 |
|
|
|
|
SMBI1 |
|
|
|
|
0.841 |
|
|
|
SMBI10 |
|
|
|
|
0.872 |
|
|
|
SMBI2 |
|
|
|
|
0.903 |
|
|
|
SMBI3 |
|
|
|
|
0.903 |
|
|
|
SMBI4 |
|
|
|
|
0.933 |
|
|
|
SMBI5 |
|
|
|
|
0.904 |
|
|
|
SMBI6 |
|
|
|
|
0.895 |
|
|
|
SMBI7 |
|
|
|
|
0.862 |
|
|
|
SMBI8 |
|
|
|
|
0.892 |
|
|
|
SMBI9 |
|
|
|
|
0.891 |
|
|
|
SN1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.850 |
|
SN2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.804 |
|
SN3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.834 |
|
SN5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.833 |
|
MOR1 |
|
|
|
0.876 |
|
|
|
The reliability
analysis of the model is shown in the table 2 below. The two criterions namely
cronbach's alpha, and composite reliability were chosen to determine the
reliability of our model. The results reveal that the values of the cronbach's
alpha, and composite reliability are higher than the threshold level. Thus,
there is no issue of reliability in our analysis.
Table 2: Reliability
|
|
Cronbach's Alpha |
rho_A |
CR |
(AVE) |
|
INME |
0.942 |
0.944 |
0.956 |
0.812 |
|
ISOC |
0.912 |
0.916 |
0.938 |
0.791 |
|
MC |
0.933 |
0.936 |
0.949 |
0.789 |
|
MOR |
0.926 |
0.928 |
0.944 |
0.773 |
|
SMBI |
0.971 |
0.971 |
0.974 |
0.792 |
|
SN |
0.850 |
0.852 |
0.899 |
0.689 |
Apart of convergent
validity, we need to determine the discriminant validity of our model.
Discriminate validity is the degree where items differentiate among constructs
and measures distinct concepts Fornell and Larcker (1981). We have used the
Fornell and Larcker (1981) criterion to establish the discriminant validity.
The results reveal that the diagonal values are highest and hence there is no
issue of discriminant validity in our analysis.
Table 3: Discriminant
Validity
|
|
INME |
ISOC |
MC |
MOR |
SMBI |
SN |
|
INME |
0.901 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ISOC |
0.901 |
0.889 |
|
|
|
|
|
MC |
0.927 |
0.868 |
0.888 |
|
|
|
|
MOR |
0.735 |
0.699 |
0.695 |
0.879 |
|
|
|
SMBI |
0.727 |
0.687 |
0.685 |
0.713 |
0.890 |
|
|
SN |
0.846 |
0.816 |
0.805 |
0.720 |
0.875 |
0.830 |
After the determination
of measurement model, the next step is to estimate and determine the structural
relationships between and among the variables. The bootstrapping procedure is
used to examine the direct relationships between the variables. The 500 bootstraps
are used to determine the relationship. The results of the bootstrapping are
shown in the table 4 and table 5.
The results of the path
examining the direct relationship between the variables are shown in the table
4. The results reveal that all the paths (INME -> SMBI, ISOC
-> SMBI, ISOC -> SN, MC -> SMBI, MOR -> SMBI, and SN -> SMBI) are significant at
p-value less than 0.05.
Table 4: Direct Relationship
|
|
(O) |
(M) |
(STDEV) |
(|O/STDEV|) |
P Values |
|
INME -> SMBI |
0.329 |
0.326 |
0.127 |
4.225 |
0.000 |
|
ISOC -> SMBI |
0.597 |
0.595 |
0.126 |
4.729 |
0.000 |
|
ISOC -> SN |
0.816 |
0.817 |
0.031 |
26.553 |
0.000 |
|
MC -> SMBI |
0.440 |
0.437 |
0.082 |
5.489 |
0.000 |
|
MOR -> SMBI |
0.216 |
0.214 |
0.082 |
2.634 |
0.004 |
|
SN -> SMBI |
0.863 |
0.854 |
0.110 |
7.834 |
0.000 |
One of the objectives
of the current study is to examine the mediating role of
SN in the relationship between the ISOC and SMBI. The findings reveal the fact
that the mediating path ISOC -> SN -> SMBI
is significant at p-value less than 0.05.
Table 5: Mediation
|
|
(O) |
(M) |
(STDEV) |
(|O/STDEV|) |
P Values |
|
ISOC -> SN -> SMBI |
0.704 |
0.698 |
0.092 |
7.620 |
0.000 |
The predictive ability
of our model is determined through R-square. According to Hameed et al., the
R-square value must be non-zero and according to Hair et al. (2014) the
r-square value must be greater than 0.15.
Table 6: R-square
|
|
R Square |
|
SMBI |
0.787 |
|
SN |
0.665 |
The
predictive relavance of the model is examined through blindfoling and Q-square
value is used to determine the predictiev relvance of the study. According to …
the q-square value must be non-zero.
Table
7: Q-square
|
|
SSO |
SSE |
Q² (=1-SSE/SSO) |
|
INME |
1085.000 |
1085.000 |
|
|
ISOC |
868.000 |
868.000 |
|
|
MC |
1085.000 |
1085.000 |
|
|
MOR |
1085.000 |
1085.000 |
|
|
SMBI |
2170.000 |
828.731 |
0.618 |
|
SN |
868.000 |
483.603 |
0.443 |
5.0.Conclusion
There has been
remarkable and steady growth of migrants in Saudi Arabia. In 1980, this
accounted for 1.5 million and increased to 3.8 million in 1990. Moreover, it increases
to 5.5 million, 8.5 million, and 10 million in 2000, 2010, and 2016
respectively. However, majority of the migrants in Saudi Arabia were restrict
to the lower management level, about 80% of foreign workers were employed in
unskilled and semi-skilled occupations(Basheer et al.,2018). A sophisticated system has been
developed by the Gulf countries for management of migrants, which is known has
kafala system (sponsorship). This includes two common policies for
international migration including the protectionism and lack of any project for
immigrants’ integration into the society(Hameed et al., 2019). The dual labor markets in Gulf
Societies require kafala institution. Most of the national people are recruited
on government sector jobs. However, private sector jobs are given to foreign
workers. The flow of foreign worker and their sub-ordination to citizens is
managed by the kafala system. It
has been found by researchers that immigrants are involved in various social
networks. Further, it was suggested that difference of economic consequences
arise from differences in the network. Differences of sex in the social networks’ structure
could have suggestion for the support type, which is received by men
entrepreneurs and immigrants(Muneer et al.,2019). It has been revealed through the literature on
social support that social and emotional support is required by immigrants.
However, an important role is played by men in the provision of social support.
Findings of the study are in line with the previous research studies reveal that different
opportunities can be obtained through network entrepreneur. It supports
entrepreneurs in acquiring the resources in direct or indirect way.Innovative
ways are found by entrepreneurs of Pakistan to do their business in a different
way by complying with the challenges in the economy (Junoha et al.,2019).
Keeping in consideration the nature of enterprises established by immigrants in
Saudi Arabia. Results reveals that the smaller enterprises of migrant get
favorable market conditions from both foreign and local populations. Some of
the surveyed migrant businesses fulfill the needs of compatriots. The results reveal that
the INME, ISOC, SN, MC and MOR are significant determinant of intention
of setting up a small business among the foreign nationals in KSA. mediating
role of SN in the relationship between the ISOC and SMBI. The findings reveal
the fact that the mediating path ISOC -> SN -> SMBI is significant at
p-value less than 0.05.
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