A Refereed Monthly International Journal of Management
An Analysis of Impact of FDI on Small Retailers in India
Author
|
Dr. Manisha Goel
Associate Professor
Department of Management Studies
J C Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA
Faridabad, Haryana, India
|
Neelam Goyal
Associate Professor (ABST)
Department of Management Studies
J C Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA
Faridabad, Haryana, India
|
An Analysis of Impact of FDI on Small Retailers in India
Abstract
Foreign direct investment plays significant role in growth every economy. It has also affected small retailers in the economy. In India, traditionally goods were being sold in unorganized retail market such as grocery store and kiryana shops. These shopkeepers were able to develop strong relationship with local customers as a result of their friendly behavior. FDI in the retail sector has expanded commodity markets manifolds. As a result of adoption of advanced supply chain, it has reduced transaction and transformation costs. The benefit of which has been transferred to the consumers. This research paper emphasize on the analysis of impact of FDI on small retailers in India. The study has been conducted in Delhi, NCR for the period of two years from 2018 to 2019 with sample size of 200. For the purpose of data analysis, statistical techniques such as Exploratory Factor Analysis, ANOVA have been applied. The captured responses were entered, coded and tabulated in SPSS software.
Consumers, Foreign Direct Investment, Retailers, Suppliers, Kiryana Store
Introduction
Retail comes from the French word retailer, which refers to "cutting off, clip and divide. Retailing business includes all the business activities involved in proving goods or services to the ultimate consumers for their personal use. A retailer establishes link between manufacturers and final consumers. The manufacturers sell the goods produced by them to wholesalers and sometimes directly to the retailers. All these business enterprises who are directly providing goods or services directly to the consumer either through direct selling or through internet marketing are involved in retailing business. A Retailer plays significant role in breaking bulk and providing benefit not only to the consumers but also to the wholesalers and manufacturers.
2.Literature Review
M. Joseph and N. Soundararajan, 2009) in their study has shown that very few small shops have been closed down as a result of competition resulted from organized retail. The small shopkeepers have been able to run their business successfully by adopting better business practices and technology. The study show the positive effect of FDI in automobiles, telecom and consumer electronics sectors.
Freda J Swaminathan, VinaVani, (2008) ) – in their study have discussed the growth of malls in Delhi NCR region in India. The study emphasized on understanding the consumer attitude towards shopping malls which has an impact on consumer shopping and entertainment behavior. The kind of offerings retailers are required offer also depends on consumer behavior towards shopping malls. The study has provided various directions to make retail business successful in India.
GanguliShrishendu, B. Vinoth Kumar (2008) – In their study, the researcher takes into consideration both service quality and features and measures their impact on consumer satisfaction as well as loyalty. This study attempts to find out the underling constructs of these service variables for the Indian retail super market customers. An attempt has been made to explore the impact of these factors on customer satisfaction and loyalty as dependent variables, also explores the effect of satisfaction on loyalty. Authors have concluded that, customer satisfaction has strong influence on loyalty, which means satisfied customers continue shopping and recommend retail store to others.
DassaniVaishali (2007) She has specified all the details regarding Reliance mart, which occupied 1,65,000Sq.Ft. of retail space at Ahmedabad. Reliance Retail, a part of Reliance group’s initiative opened hypermarkets in Jamnagar and Gurgaon. Sixty two national distribution centers across India will serve as supply chain network for Reliance Retail’s first phase of expansion across 1500 towns in urban and rural India. News of Wal-Mart’s entry has provoked opposition from small scale retailers fearing that millions will lose their livelihood if large chains come in.
Gupta C.P., MitaliChaturvedi (2007) – ‘Retailing: An Emerging Trend in India’, in India Retail Industry has become the second largest employer after agriculture. It is found that the gap between living standards of the consumers of metro and non-metro cities are narrowing own day by day. The study shows that the retailers are able to deliver better quality products and services to the consumers if prime space is available to them. It also increases their operational efficiencies and decline in costs.
3. Research Methodology
The present paper focuses on analysis of impact of FDI on small retailers in India. Exploratory research is being carried out for the study.
3.1Objective of the Study:
1. To find out the factors showing the impact of Foreign Direct Investment on retail sector in India.
2. To examine the variations in the perception of customers in relation to demographic variable and factors showing impact of Foreign Direct Investment on retail sector in India.
3.2 Hypothesis:
1. H1: The perception of retailers of different age group does not differ about factors showing impact of Foreign Direct Investment on retail sector in India.
2. H2: The perception of retailers of different gender group does not differ about factors showing impact of Foreign Direct Investment on retail sector in India.
3. H3: The perception of retailers on the basis of years of experience in their business does not differ about factors showing impact Foreign Direct Investment on retail sector in India.
3.3 Scope of the study
The present study is based on retailers in Delhi NCR. The study has been conducted over a period of 2 years. From the retailers, the data has been collected through questionnaire.
3.4 Data Collection:
The study is based on both types of data collection techniques; primary and secondary. For the purpose of study, the secondary data has been retrieved from the research papers published in various journals and magazines. The structured questionnaire has been designed to collect the primary data. The questionnaire is based on 5 point Likert scale.
3.5 Sample Design:
On the basis of non-probability sampling, 200 respondents have been selected for the study. Out of total 200 questionnaires distributed, total 150 have been collected and 120 are found complete in all aspects to conduct the analysis.
3.6 Analytical Tools:
After data collection, data preparation, and data analysis was carried out. Total 120 questionnaires have been considered for analysis. For the purpose of data analysis, statistical techniques such as Exploratory Factor Analysis, ANOVA have been applied. The captured responses were entered, coded and tabulated in SPSS software.
4. Data analysis and Interpretation
The result analysis show that the sample represents the entire population as the survey has captured responses from respondents of different age groups, gender and duration of their business. With the help of simple descriptive statistics the respondents’ characteristics are summarized. The demographic profile of the respondents has been presented in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1 Respondent’s Profile
|
Variable
|
Description
|
No of Respondents
|
|
Age
|
20-25
|
11
|
|
26-35
|
28
|
|
36-45
|
48
|
|
46-55
|
29
|
|
Above 56
|
04
|
|
Gender
|
Male
|
109
|
|
Female
|
11
|
|
Duration of Business
|
0-5
|
14
|
|
5-10
|
33
|
|
10-15
|
19
|
|
15-20
|
30
|
|
20 or above
|
13
|
4.1 Factors showing impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Retail Sector in India:
Total 19 items related to impact of FDI on retail sector as shown in table 1.2 has been used for the purpose of study. EFA has been applied to identify the factors showing impact of FDI on Retail Sector.
Table 1.2 Items of impact of FDI on retail sector
|
Item Code
|
Description
|
|
S1
|
Super market offer their product at low price compare to small retailers.
|
|
S2
|
Super market apply new strategies to attract customer as compared to small retailers
|
|
S3
|
Super market offer better quality products as compared to small retailers.
|
|
S4
|
Super market have increased competition for small retailers.
|
|
S5
|
Emergence of super market is a threat for small retailers.
|
|
S6
|
Super market creates more opportunities as compared to small retailers.
|
|
S7
|
Small retailers are force to keep more variety as a result of big retail houses.
|
|
S8
|
Profit margin of small retailers has reduced as a result of big retailers selling at heavy discounts.
|
|
S9
|
Super market has affected customer base of small retailers
|
|
S10
|
Technology of super market is better compared to small retailers.
|
|
S11
|
Super market offer more variety of products
|
|
S12
|
Super market offer good ambience
|
|
S13
|
Display of product of super market is more user friendly
|
|
S14
|
Worker at super market is more friendly
|
|
S15
|
Super market changes offer more brand as compared to small retailers
|
|
S16
|
Super market offer everything under one roof
|
|
S17
|
Purchasing good from super market saves time and money of customers
|
|
S18
|
Super market offer customer innovative products
|
|
S19
|
Super market offer convenient shopping for customers
|
To identify the factors, the factor analysis has been applied to the captured responses from 120 respondents corresponding to 19 items. Factors have been extracted considering the eigen value of each factor to be more than one. The variables having loadings of at least 0.4 have been considered for the purpose of further analysis. As a result, one variable (Small retailers are force to keep more variety as a result of big retail houses) has been deleted due to its loading value of < 0.4. The remaining 18 variables yielded five factors structure. The Varimax rotation method has been applied on the extracted factors. The variable constituents of all extracted factors along with their factor loadings have been presented in table 1.3.
Table 1.3 Rotated Component Matrix
|
Items
|
Component
|
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
|
Super market offer their product at low price compare to small retailers.
|
|
|
.821
|
|
|
|
Super market apply new strategies to attract customer as compared to small retailers
|
|
.779
|
|
|
|
|
Super market offer better quality products as compared to small retailers.
|
|
|
.640
|
|
|
|
Super market have increased competition for small retailers.
|
|
.640
|
|
|
|
|
Emergence of super market is a threat for small retailers.
|
|
.506
|
|
.427
|
|
|
Super market creates more opportunities as compared to small retailers.
|
|
.578
|
|
|
|
|
Small retailers are force to keep more variety as a result of big retail houses.
|
|
.264
|
|
|
|
|
Profit margin of small retailers has reduced as a result of big retailers selling at heavy discounts.
|
|
|
|
.748
|
|
|
Super market has affected customer base of small retailers
|
|
|
|
.728
|
|
|
Technology of super market is better compared to small retailers.
|
.551
|
|
|
|
|
|
Super market offer more variety of products
|
|
|
.585
|
|
|
|
Super market offer good ambience
|
.737
|
|
|
|
|
|
Display of product of super market is more user friendly
|
.585
|
|
|
|
|
|
Worker at super market is more friendly
|
.509
|
|
|
|
|
|
Super market changes offer more brand as compared to small retailers
|
|
|
|
|
.812
|
|
Super market offer everything under one roof
|
|
|
|
|
.639
|
|
Purchasing good from super market saves time and money of customers
|
.647
|
|
|
|
|
|
Super market offer customer innovative products
|
|
|
|
|
.500
|
|
Super market offer convenient shopping for customers
|
.760
|
|
|
|
|
Table 1.4
Factor Loading based on Rotational Matrix
|
Items
|
Component
|
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
|
Super market offer their product at low price compare to small retailers.
|
|
|
.821
|
|
|
|
Super market apply new strategies to attract customer as compared to small retailers
|
|
.779
|
|
|
|
|
Super market offer better quality products as compared to small retailers.
|
|
|
.640
|
|
|
|
Super market have increased competition for small retailers.
|
|
.640
|
|
|
|
|
Emergence of super market is a threat for small retailers.
|
|
.506
|
|
.427
|
|
|
Super market creates more opportunities as compared to small retailers.
|
|
.578
|
|
|
|
|
Small retailers are force to keep more variety as a result of big retail houses.
|
|
.264
|
|
|
|
|
Profit margin of small retailers has reduced as a result of big retailers selling at heavy discounts.
|
|
|
|
.748
|
|
|
Super market has affected customer base of small retailers
|
|
|
|
.728
|
|
|
Technology of super market is better compared to small retailers.
|
.551
|
|
|
|
|
|
Super market offer more variety of products
|
|
|
.585
|
|
|
|
Super market offer good ambience
|
.737
|
|
|
|
|
|
Display of product of super market is more user friendly
|
.585
|
|
|
|
|
|
Worker at super market is more friendly
|
.509
|
|
|
|
|
|
Super market changes offer more brand as compared to small retailers
|
|
|
|
|
.812
|
|
Super market offer everything under one roof
|
|
|
|
|
.639
|
|
Purchasing good from super market saves time and money of customers
|
.647
|
|
|
|
|
|
Super market offer customer innovative products
|
|
|
|
|
.500
|
|
Super market offer convenient shopping for customers
|
.760
|
|
|
|
|
After taking into consideration the loading of variables against different factors, five factors have been explored. On the basis of study of literature, these factors have been named as convenience and comfort for customers, level of competition, quality based pricing policy, demand for products, variety of products.
1. Convenience and comfort for customers
Total six items loaded on this factor, which was a maximum number of items on any factor in this study. The factor included following items: technology of super market is better compared to small retailers, super market offer good ambience, display of product of super market is more user friendly, worker at super market is more friendly, purchasing good from super market saves time and money of customers, super market offer convenient shopping for customers.
2. Level of competition
Total four items loaded on this factor, which was a maximum number of items on any factor in this study. The factor included following items: super market apply new strategies to attract customer as compared to small retailers, super market have increased competition for small retailers, emergence of super market is a threat for small retailers, super market creates more opportunities as compared to small retailers.
3.Quality based pricing policies
4.Demand for Product
Total two items loaded on this factor, which was a maximum number of items on any factor in this study. The factor included following items: profit margin of small retailers has reduced as a result of big retailers selling at heavy discounts, super market has affected customer base of small retailers.
5.Variety of Products
Total three items loaded on this factor, which was a maximum number of items on any factor in this study. The factor included following items: super market changes offer more brand as compared to small retailers, super market offer everything under one roof, super market offer customer innovative products
4.2 Comparison Between Perception of Different Retailers:
To study the difference in the perception of different retailers about factors showing impact of FDI on retail sector, the following hypothesis have been formulated.
H1: The perception of retailers of different age group does not differ about factors showing impact of Foreign Direct Investment on retail sector in India.
Table 1.5
Perception of retailers of different age group
About factors showing impact of FDI on retail sector
|
Source
|
Dependent Variable
|
Type III Sum of Squares
|
df
|
Mean Square
|
F
|
Sig.
|
|
Age
|
F1
|
3.247
|
4
|
.812
|
1.190
|
.319
|
|
F2
|
2.366
|
4
|
.591
|
1.141
|
.341
|
|
F3
|
18.254
|
4
|
4.564
|
6.239
|
.000
|
|
F4
|
5.918
|
4
|
1.480
|
2.008
|
.098
|
|
F5
|
2.308
|
4
|
.577
|
.889
|
.473
|
As per the table 1.5, the results indicate that the significance value of Convenience and comfort for customers, Level of Competition, Demand for product and Variety of Products are higher than 0.05 where as value for Quality based Pricing Policy is less than 0.05. It indicates that there is no significant difference in the perception of retailers of different age group about factors showing impact of FDI on retail sector such as Convenience and comfort for customers, Level of Competition, Demand for product and Variety of Products. So, the hypothesis that the perception of retailers of different age group does not differ about factors such as Convenience and comfort for customers, Level of Competition, Demand for product and Variety of Products showing impact of Foreign Direct Investment on retail sector in India whereas there is significant difference in perception of retailers of different age group about factor Quality based Pricing Policy. So, the hypothesis that the perception of retailers of different age group does not differ about factors such as Quality based Pricing Policy showing impact of FDI on retail sector is rejected. Retailers upto 35 years agree that super markets offer better quality based pricing policy as compared to small retailers where as retailers above 35 years are neutral.
H2: The perception of retailers of different gender group does not differ about factors showing impact of Foreign Direct Investment on retail sector in India.
Table 1.6
Perception of retailers of different gender group
About factors showing impact of FDI on retail sector
|
Source
|
Dependent Variable
|
Type III Sum of Squares
|
df
|
Mean Square
|
F
|
Sig.
|
|
Gender
|
F1
|
.931
|
1
|
.931
|
1.360
|
.246
|
|
F2
|
.284
|
1
|
.284
|
.543
|
.463
|
|
F3
|
1.383
|
1
|
1.383
|
1.615
|
.206
|
|
F4
|
.278
|
1
|
.278
|
.363
|
.548
|
|
F5
|
1.801
|
1
|
1.801
|
2.826
|
.095
|
As per the table 1.6, the results indicate that the significance value of Convenience and comfort for customers, Level of Competition, Quality based Pricing Policy, Demand for product and Variety of Products are higher than 0.05 where as value for Quality based Pricing Policy is less than 0.05. It indicates that there is no significant difference in the perception of retailers of different gender group about factors showing impact of Foreign Direct Investment on retail sector in India such as Convenience and comfort for customers, Level of Competition, Quality based Pricing Policy, Demand for product and Variety of Products. So, the hypothesis that the perception of retailers of different gender group does not differ about factors such as Convenience and comfort for customers, Level of Competition, Demand for product and Variety of Products showing impact of FDI on retail sector is accepted.
H3: The perception of retailers on the basis of years of experience in their business does not differ about factors showing impact of Foreign Direct Investment on retail sector in India.
Table 1.7
Perception of retailers on the basis of years of experience in their business About factors showing impact of FDI on retail sector
|
Source
|
Dependent Variable
|
Type III Sum of Squares
|
df
|
Mean Square
|
F
|
Sig.
|
|
Duration of business
|
F1
|
2.929
|
4
|
.732
|
1.069
|
.375
|
|
F2
|
1.039
|
4
|
.260
|
.490
|
.743
|
|
F3
|
15.661
|
4
|
3.915
|
5.193
|
.001
|
|
F4
|
3.049
|
4
|
.762
|
1.000
|
.410
|
|
F5
|
1.993
|
4
|
.498
|
.764
|
.551
|
As per the table 1.7, the results indicate that the significance value of Convenience and comfort for customers, Level of Competition, Demand for product and Variety of Products are higher than 0.05 where as value for Quality based Pricing Policy is less than 0.05. It indicates that there is no significant difference in the perception of retailers having different years of experience in their business about factors showing impact of FDI on retail sector such as Convenience and comfort for customers, Level of Competition, Demand for product and Variety of Products. So, the hypothesis that the perception of retailers having different years of experience in their business about factors such as Convenience and comfort for customers, Level of Competition, Demand for product and Variety of Products showing impact of FDI on retail sector is accepted.
Whereas there is significant difference in perception of retailers having different years of experience in their business about factor Quality based Pricing Policy.
So, the hypothesis that the perception of retailers having different years of experience in their business about factors such as Quality based Pricing Policy showing impact of FDI on retail sector is rejected. Retailers with their experience in business upto 5 years agree that super markets offer better quality based pricing policy as compared to small retailers, retailers with their experience in business from 5 to 20 years are neutral whereas retailers with their experience in business above 20 years disagree.
Conclusion
FDI is a two edged weapon which has both pros and cons in any economy. Government should take some steps so that Foreign Direct Investment does not have any negative impact on small retailers in India. Government should implement some policies to ensure that FDI turns to be beneficial not only for economy as a whole but also for customers and retailers in India.
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