Pacific B usiness R eview I nternational
A Refereed Monthly International Journal of Management Indexed With THOMSON REUTERS(ESCI)
|
Dr. Jasmin Padiya Associate Professor Faculty of Management GLS University Ahmedabad |
Prof. Ashok Bantwa Assistant Professor Faculty of Management GLS University Ahmedabad |
On 8th November 2016 honorable prime minister of India took a phenomenal step by declaring that two highest denomination currency notes in India (500 rupee notes and 1000 rupee notes) will not remain legal tender. Demonetization decision coupled with government’s initiative to make India a cashless economy is expected to bring a phenomenal transformation in the way people make payments and expected to increase inclination towards online payment. Among the various modes of online payments the mode gaining popularity during present time is E-wallets. In a nation such as India where larger part of clients still favors Cash-On-Delivery, it is difficult to fasten the pace of process of innovation diffusion such as digital wallets. This generates research interest to study the readiness of people to use E-wallets and factors influencing the adoption of E-wallets including the factors refraining the usage of it, during the post demonetization period. This research paper is aimed at examining the adoption of E-wallets as a mode of payment in Ahmedabad City and to ascertain the factors encouraging and preventing the usage of E-wallets during the post demonetization period. This paper also throws light on adjuvant issues like impact of demonetization decision on preference for online payments, impact of various demographic factors on usage of E-wallets, problems faced by people while using E-wallets etc. The study is based on 318 valid responses received through a structured questionnaire. Data collected was analyzed by using percentages, cross tabulation and statistical tools like ANOVA. Through this study researchers found that, E-wallet users give very high level of importance to attributes like security, privacy concerns and pricing (Fees). The major problems frequently encountered by the respondents while using E-wallet are long transaction time taken by E-wallet for processing the transaction, security breach and delayed payment. Demonetization drive of government of India has contributed immensely towards awareness, usage and acceptance of online payment.
Keywords: E-wallet, Demonetization, Online Payment, Smart Phone Users, Mode of Payment
On 8th November 2016 honorable prime minister of India took a phenomenal step by declaring that two highest denomination currency notes in India (500 rupee notes and 1000 rupee notes) will not remain legal tender. Through this decision nearly 86% of the currency in circulation was withdrawn. This historical decision was aimed at manifold objectives like curbing black money, eradicating counterfeit currency notes, combating terror financing, controlling tax evasions and a shift towards cashless economy. Demonetization decision is a major driver for making India a cashless economy. Amidst all shouting and chattering on demonetization and digital transactions, India is gradually moving towards adopting cashless economy.In a country like India where E-commerce and online shopping is growing by leaps and bounds, demonetization decision has given a new impetus to already growing use of digital payments.Among various modes of online payments the most fledgling mode is E-wallets. After demonetization decision the number of transactions through E-wallets have increased manifold. And with the transaction limit on digital wallets being increased to Rs 20,000, it just keeps getting better.
“According to the government data, the number of daily transactions through e-wallet services such as Oxigen, Paytm and MobiKwik has shot up from 17 lakh — recorded on November 8 when demonetisation was announced — to 63 lakh as on December 7 (a growth of 271%). In terms of value, the surge has been 267%, from Rs 52 crore daily to Rs 191 crore now.” (As reposted by times of India on December 10, 2016)
1.1 What is an E-Wallet?
Think of a wallet in your pocket. You keep money in it and whenever you need to buy something or pay for a service you received form someone else, you pull out wallet, take out money and make payment. When you run out of money in your wallet, you refill your wallet. E-wallet is your physical wallet completely turned in electronic form. There will be a wallet where you will be able to keep cash and you can pay for goods and services. That is precisely what an E-wallet is. So E-wallet is your wallet that has lost the physical form and taken electronic form.
In present world, smartphone has become essential part of daily life. Along with smartphone production, a number of services have been generated to utilize the possible functions of smartphones. Smartphones are used as communication devices, as socialized tool, entertainment tool, internet access tool, and even payment tool. Due to technology, mobile users can nowadays use their smartphones to make money transaction or payment by using applications installed in the phone. Besides payment, people can also store receipts, coupons, business cards, bills in their smartphones. When smartphones can function as leather wallets, it is called “Digital Wallet” or widely known as “Mobile Wallet”. (Rathore, 2016). Electronic-Wallet allows users to make electronic commerce transactions quickly and securely. (Upadhayaya, 2012)
A mobile wallet is a much-advanced versatile application that includes elements of mobile transactions, as well as other items one may find in a wallet, such as membership cards, loyalty cards and travel cards. (Shin, 2016). Since last couple of years the utilization of digital wallets has taken quite a leap. Digital wallets have been included as payment alternative by many e-business players along with existing net banking or card based payment methods. With smartphones becoming an inseparable part of one’s life and hence a convenient way of making digitalized payments, the adoption of digital wallets has been tremendously increasing. Through digital wallets, the payment infrastructure with immense advancement in technology has become highly consumer friendly. (Kunal Taheam, 2016). However, the idea of a digital wallet is not new. Indeed, Japan,America, Sweden and South Korea have already rolled out cell phone-based digital wallet solutions. Consumers in those countries can use their cell phones to pay for groceries, order drinks from a vending machine, and even identify themselves at airline ticketing counters. (Rathore, 2016).
1.2 E-Wallets in India
Considering the growing use of online shopping and online payments in India a handful of E-wallet services have been started in India during last few years. Particularly during post demonetization period, the use of E-wallets for online payments is growing at very high rate. As per Reserve Bank of India guideline ’E-wallets’ in India can be classified into three categories.
Closed e-wallets: These are wallets issued by an entity for facilitating the purchase of goods and services from it. These instruments do not permit cash withdrawal or redemption. Hence, RBI approval is not required for issuing them.
E.g. Cab services (Like Ola Cabs), e-commerce (like Jabong, First Cry, Flipkart) and mobile companies create e-wallets for making payments towards purchase of products from them /for usage of their services.
Semi-Closed e-wallets: These are wallets which can be used for purchase of goods and services, including financial services at merchant locations/ establishments which have a specific contract with the issuer to accept them. These wallets do not permit cash withdrawal or redemption by the holder.MobiKwik, PayU, PayTM, Citrus, and Airtel Money are the best examples under this category of e-wallet.
Open e-wallets: These are wallets which can be used for purchase of goods and services, including financial services like funds transfer at any card accepting merchant locations [point of sale (POS) terminals] and also permit cash withdrawal at ATMs / Banking Correspondents (BCs). However, cash withdrawal at POS is permitted only upto a limit of Rs.1000/- per day subject to the same conditions as applicable to debit cards (for cash withdrawal at POS).E.g. M-Pesa is an open wallet run by Vodafone in partnership with ICICI Bank. Airtel Money is a semi-open wallet, which allows you to transact with merchants that have a contract with Airtel. You can't withdraw cash or get it back. You'll have to spend what you load.
Table 1 below provides an overview of popular E-wallets in India. These E-wallets are offered number of players across various industries including private entrepreneurs which offers only and only E-wallets and nothing else, banking industry players who have come up with E-wallets to fight against the private players, and telecom industry players which have come with E-wallets to leverage on their telecom infrastructure and customer base. Table also provides other details about given E-wallets like Promoter Company, availability of bank transfer facility, availability of facility to send money on mobile, mobile platforms supported by E-wallets and accessibility of Unified Payment Interface(UPI). UPI is a payment system that allows money transfer between any two bank accounts by using a smartphone. It allows a customer to pay directly from a bank account to different merchants both online and offline, without the hassle of typing credit card details, IFSC code or net banking password
Table 1 Overview of Popular E-wallets in India
|
E-Wallet |
Industry |
Company |
UPI |
Availability Bank Transfer |
Send on Mobile |
Mobile Platform |
|
Airtel Money |
Telecom Industry |
Airtel |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
Android, iOS |
|
Axis Bank Lime |
Private |
Axis Bank |
No |
No |
No |
Android, iOS, Windows Phone |
|
BHIM App |
Public |
National Payments Corporation of India |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Android |
|
Citrus Pay |
Private |
Citrus Pay |
No |
No |
Yes |
Android, iOS |
|
Freecharge |
Private |
Snapdeal |
No |
No |
No |
Android, iOS, Windows Phone |
|
HDFC PayZapp |
Banking Industry |
HDFC Bank |
No |
No |
Yes |
Android, iOS |
|
ICICI Pockets |
Banking Industry |
ICICI Bank |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Android, iOS |
|
ItzCash |
Private |
ItzCash Card Ltd. |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
Android, iOS |
|
Mobikwik |
Private |
One MobiKwiK Systems Pvt.Ltd. |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Android, iOS, Windows Phone |
|
mRupee |
Telecom Industry |
Tata Tele Services Ltd. |
No |
No |
Yes |
Android, iOS, Windows Phone |
|
Oxigen Wallet |
Private |
Oxigen Services India Pvt. Ltd. |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
Android, iOS, Windows Phone |
|
Paytm |
Private |
One97 Communications |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
Android, iOS, Windows Phone, Blackberry |
|
SBI Buddy |
Banking Industry |
SBI Bank |
No |
No |
Yes |
Android, iOS |
|
Vodafone M-Pesa |
Telecom Industry |
Vodafone |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Android, iOS, Windows Phone |
|
Jio Money |
Telecom Industry |
Reliance |
No |
No |
No |
Android, iOS, Windows Phone |
(Source:www.pmjandhanyojana.co.in)
Many empirical studies have been conducted on the subject of cashless society in India and abroad. The major emphasis of research has been on various issues like frauds, security, usage pattern, new method of e-payment, etc. However, very few literature is available on E-wallets.
Rathore Hem Shwetastudied various factors affecting adoption of digital wallet as a mode of payment by consumers and different risk and challenges encountered by users while using digital wallet. The study was conducted by collecting primary data through a structured questionnaire from 132 smart phone users (respondents). Researcher found that main factors contributing towards the adoption of digital wallet as a mode of payment are convenience in making payment online, brand loyalty and usefulness of digital wallet. It was found that users of digital wallet are satisfied with the services provided by them. The most crucial and challenging issues for adoption of digital wallet are security and safety. Shoppers are adopting digital wallets at an incredibly rapid pace, largely due to convenience and ease of use. (Rathore, 2016)
TahemKrunal, Sharma Rahul, Goswami Saurabh (2016), conducted a descriptive study to examine the factors driving use of digital wallets in state of Punjab.The study was conducted during the fourth quarter of 2015 by collecting primary data from 386 (Selected using snowball sampling) users of digital wallets in state of Punjab. The results of this study indicated that People in Punjab have been found using digital wallets due to the motives of controllability & security, societal influence & usefulness and need for performance enhancement. This study indicates that people of Punjab use any type of digital wallet due to one or all of these identified motives. (Kunal Taheam, 2016)
KalyaniPawan in his paper studied the awareness and usage of paperless E-Currency transaction like E-Wallet using ICT in the youth of India. The paper elaborately explains features of various E-wallets in India. Researcher found that the most preferred modes of payment among the selected respondents are Cash on Deliver (COD) and credit card and debit card. It was found that respondents have good amount of information about the e-payment and e-wallet services available in India, but they know very little about the same types of services available outside India. Researcher concluded that awareness and practical usability of the E-wallet is low, that should be increased by adding more value added services to it. (Kalyani, 2016)
Sardar Ramesh studied the preference towards mobile wallets among the urban population of Jalagon city of Maharashtra. The study was collected by collecting primary data from 60 users of mobile wallet through a structured questionnaire. The study aimed at examining the awareness and preference towards the usage of Mobile wallets in Jalgaon and to find out the impact of various demographic variables on the usage of mobile wallets. Data was analyzed using chi-square and t-test. It was found that Majority (29%) of the respondents are preferred to use Mobile wallet payment to transfer money followed by recharging mobile or DTH payment and so on. Majority of respondents (90%) believes that an instant payment is an important factor to opt for Mobile payments. Respondents opined that security is the most critical issue while making online payment. (Sardar, 2016)
Shukla TrilokNath in his research paper “Mobile Wallet: Present and the Future” stated that Based on current developments, it is safe to say that mobile wallets will soon be a self-reliant ubiquitous ecosystem. In the near future, mobile wallets will be used to engage with the customer by the marketers and digital businesses. With the addition of the value-added services that go beyond just payment, experts believe that mobile wallets will become a new marketing channel. Mobile wallets won’t just be about mobile payments; they would become one of the major contributors of a seamless shopping experience for the customers. Simply offering faster and more-secure payments would no longer be good enough; the industry players will have to counter the real pain points such as giving consumers the ability to see what’s on stored value cards at any moment in time, access loyalty points, or automatically receive digital copies of payment receipts. (Shukla, 2016)
Hee Shin-Dong, in his study “Towards an understanding of the consumer acceptance of mobile wallet” seeks to validate a comprehensive model of consumer acceptance in the context of mobile payment. It uses the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model with constructs of security, trust, social influence, and self-efficacy. Structural equation modeling is used to construct a predictive model of attitudes toward the mobile wallet. While the model confirms the classical role of technology acceptance factors (i.e., perceived usefulness and ease of use are key antecedents to users’ attitude), the results also show that users’ attitudes and intentions are influenced by perceived security and trust. (Shin, 2009)
In electronic commerce, the challenges of payment transactions were initially underestimated. Business via the internet and mobile telephony has so far been dominated by the methods of payment systems in traditional business. However, in light of advances in e-commerce, traditional business models are increasingly coming up against their limits. Electronic wallets being very useful for frequent online shoppers are commercially available for pocket, palm-sized, handheld, and desktop PCs. They offer a secure, convenient, and portable tool for online shopping. (Upadhyay, 2012). Virtual Wallets in near future are for sure going to disrupt both the online and offline business. The Companies that will foster are those which will quickly align their business model and strategies aligning them to the changing trends. It is not a distant day where we will see most of purchase happen either by flashing our mobile cameras scanning against the teller to pay the bills for purchases via Virtual wallets. In Parallel to the implementation of the technology in the mobile application, it is also equally important to educate the customer so that the quicker adoption will increase the user base. (Kalyan Kumar, 2016). Varsha R and M Thulsiram undertook a study to ascertain the acceptance of E-wallet among the potential users. They found that The price related factor namely ‘cost saving’ and discount benefits seemed to be low considered by the respondents whereas secured privacy and secured transaction are more primary reasons for e-wallet preference. More than ninety-five percentage of the respondents had a possible apps in the mobile phones for making e-payments (Thulsiram, 2016).
Indian consumer will use mobile wallet when they are convince by the fact that many relative advantages compare conventional leather wallet. They will use mobile when they are convince that there will be no loss or security concern for using mobile wallet. Intent to use the mobile wallet would increase if the customer trust their service provider and the technology and there by develop confidence on to the system . (Sinha, 2016)
This research paper is aimed at examining the adoption of E-wallets as a mode of payment in Ahmedabad City and to ascertain the factors encouraging and discouraging the usage of E-wallets during the post demonetization period. The paper also throws light on ancillary issues like impact of demonetization decision on preference for online payments, impact of various demographic factors on usage of E-wallets, problems faced by people while using E-wallets etc.
The study has been conducted in urban area of Ahmedabad city which is considered as economic capital of Gujarat state. Study is based on primary data collected through a structured questionnaire. In total, 458 smart phone users selected through non-probability convenient sampling method were approached for the response and 327 responded. After data editing 5 invalid questionnaires were removed so we left with 318 valid responses. Data was collected in the month of January 2017 (two months after the demonetization decision). Data collected was analyzed by using percentages, cross tabulation and statistical tools like Chi-Square and ANOVA.
3.1 Objectives of the Study
1. To ascertain the preference for and adoption of E-wallets in Ahmedabad City
2. To study the factors influencing the adoption of E-wallets
3. To study factors refraining the usage of E-wallets
4. To study the problems faced while using E-wallets
5. To study the impact of demonetization on preference for online payment
6. To examine association of various demographic variables on usage of E-wallets
3.2 Hypothesis
H0: There is no significant difference between preferences for various modes of payments
H0: There is no significant relationship between various demographic factors and adoption of E-wallets
H0: There is no significant difference between influence of various factors and adoption of E-wallets
3.3 Rationale for Study
Demonetization decision coupled with government’s initiative to make India a cashless economy is expected to bring a phenomenal transformation in the way people make payments. The preferredmode of payment is expected to change from offline to online. Among the various modes of online payments the mode gaining popularity during present time is E-wallets.In a nation such as India where larger part of clients still favors Cash-On-Delivery, it is difficult to fasten the pace of process of innovation diffusion such as digital wallets. (Kunal Taheam, 2016). This generates research interest to study the alacrity of people to use E-wallets and factors influencing the adoption of E-wallets including the factors refraining the usage of it, during the post demonetization period.
Table – 2 Usage of E-wallet
|
Use of E-wallet |
Frequency |
Percentage |
|
Yes |
162 |
50.94 |
|
No |
156 |
49.06 |
|
Total |
318 |
100 |
(Source: Compiled from primary data collected through structured Questionnaire)
Result in table - 2 reveals that more than 50 percent of respondents are using /have used E-wallets as mode of payment. This represents good adoption level of E-wallet by respondents in Ahmedabad city.
Table – 3 Reasons for not using E-wallet.
|
Reasons |
Weighted Score |
Rank |
|
It’s poses threat to security |
3.54 |
3 |
|
It’s inconvenient |
3.10 |
6 |
|
Privacy concerns |
3.72 |
2 |
|
Charges (fees) |
3.52 |
4 |
|
Do not know how to use it |
2.50 |
8 |
|
Don’t have internet access |
1.98 |
9 |
|
Lack of/difficult record keeping |
3.35 |
5 |
|
I prefer to use my usual payment methods |
4.25 |
1 |
|
The outlets were I shop do not accept payment through wallet |
3.08 |
7 |
(Source: Compiled from primary data collected through structured Questionnaire)
Finding suggest that major reason for not using wallets is ‘Resistance to Change’, majority would not like to move out of comfort of using traditional mode of payments. The other significant reasons for not using E-wallet are privacy concerns, security threats and fees. Almost all smart phone users having net-connectivity and usage know-how.
Table – 4 Frequency of using E-wallet
|
Time Intervals |
Frequency |
Percentage |
|
Once a month |
81 |
50 |
|
Once a fortnight |
15 |
9 |
|
Once a week |
36 |
22 |
|
Two or three times a week |
24 |
15 |
|
Daily |
6 |
4 |
|
Total |
162 |
100 |
(Source: Compiled from primary data collected through structured Questionnaire)
Majority users are using E-wallets once in a month suggesting that still there is no broad based usage of E-wallets on routine bases. This data corresponds to results indicated in table-4 showing that E-wallets are mainly used for monthly transactions like mobile recharge, payment of bills etc.
Table – 5 Types of Purchase using E-Wallets
|
Purchase |
Frequency |
Percentage |
|
Mobile recharge |
57 |
35 |
|
Payment of bills |
48 |
30 |
|
Online shopping |
30 |
19 |
|
Online ticket bookings |
24 |
15 |
|
Other |
3 |
2 |
|
Total |
162 |
100 |
(Source: Compiled from primary data collected through structured Questionnaire)
E-wallet is preferred mode of payment for mobile recharge and payment of bills. Still for shopping of goods and other services there is no wide spread usage of E-wallets.
Table – 6 Frequency of using various modes of payment
|
Modes of Payment |
Weight |
Rank |
|
Cash |
4.09 |
1 |
|
Debit Card |
3.43 |
2 |
|
Credit Card |
2.04 |
5 |
|
Internet Banking |
2.39 |
4 |
|
E-Wallet |
2.91 |
3 |
(Source: Compiled from primary data collected through structured Questionnaire)
Cash and debit cards are the most preferred mode of payments followed by E-wallet, internet banking and credit cards.
Table – 7 Factors diving use of E-wallet
|
Attributes |
Weight |
Rank |
|
Security |
2.81 |
1 |
|
Privacy |
2.76 |
2 |
|
Pricing (Transaction fees, service fees) |
2.63 |
3 |
|
Transaction can easily be refunded in case of default |
2.58 |
4 |
|
Ease of use |
2.54 |
5 |
|
I am able to make payments from anywhere |
2.43 |
6 |
|
Discount offers |
2.39 |
7 |
|
It helps me to keep track of my transaction history |
2.37 |
8 |
|
I can avail cash back |
2.37 |
9 |
|
It give me greater control over my day to day transactions |
2.24 |
10 |
|
Almost every e-commerce site supports Digital Wallet payment |
2.13 |
11 |
|
It’s trendy to use |
1.67 |
12 |
|
My friends use it |
1.34 |
13 |
(Source: Compiled from primary data collected through structured Questionnaire)
Data in table – 7 provides information about factors encouraging use of E-wallet by the respondents. Majority users rank security and privacy as major attributes for selection of E-wallet as mode of payment. Factors like use of E-wallet by friends, trend of using E-wallet, support by majority of E-commerce site etc. have very poor role to play in encouraging usage of E-wallet.
Table – 8 Brand Recall for various E-wallet brands
|
Brand |
Top 3 Brand Recall |
|
Paytm |
162 |
|
Mobiquick |
114 |
|
Freecharge |
105 |
(Source: Compiled from primary data collected through structured Questionnaire)
Paytm has become synonym with E-wallet. Mobiquick and Freecharge are on second and third position in terms of brand recall by respondents.
Table – 9 Problems faced with E-wallet
|
Problems |
Most Frequently |
Often |
Rarely |
Total Percentage |
|
Transaction Failure |
15 |
33 |
52 |
100 |
|
Duplicate Payment |
6 |
11 |
83 |
100 |
|
Auto Debit |
2 |
28 |
70 |
100 |
|
Security Breach |
19 |
24 |
57 |
100 |
|
Delayed Payment |
17 |
43 |
41 |
100 |
|
Long transaction time |
22 |
41 |
37 |
100 |
(Source: Compiled from primary data collected through structured Questionnaire)
The major problems frequently encountered by the respondents while using E-wallet are long transaction time taken by E-wallet for processing the transaction, security breach and delayed payment. Problems like auto debit, duplicate payment are very rare for E-wallet users.
Table – 10 Impact of demonetization on usage behavior towards online payment
|
Statement |
Frequency |
Percentage |
|
I was not making online payment before demonetization; I started making it after demonetization |
57 |
35 |
|
I was making online payment before demonetization also; but I increased its frequency after demonetization |
66 |
41 |
|
I was not making online payment before demonetization; I am also not making it after demonetization |
9 |
6 |
|
I was making online payment before demonetization also; I am making it after demonetization with same frequency as before |
30 |
19 |
|
Total |
162 |
100 |
(Source: Compiled from primary data collected through structured Questionnaire)
Significant percentage (35%) respondents have started making online payment after demonetization drive. Further 41% respondents have increased the frequency of making online payment particularly after demonetization. Thus demonetization has contributed immensely towards awareness, usage and acceptance of online payment. In case of 19% respondents there is no change in frequency of making online payment after demonetization.
Table – 11 One Way ANOVA – Mode of Payment and Gender
|
ONE WAY ANOVA –MODE OF PAYMENT AND GENDER |
|
|
|||||
|
Sum of Squares |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
Sig. |
Association |
||
|
E-Wallet |
Between Groups |
.711 |
1 |
.711 |
.725 |
.396 |
Yes |
|
Within Groups |
156.900 |
160 |
.981 |
||||
|
Total |
157.611 |
161 |
|||||
|
Internet Banking |
Between Groups |
.100 |
1 |
.100 |
.082 |
.775 |
Yes |
|
Within Groups |
194.400 |
160 |
1.215 |
||||
|
Total |
194.500 |
161 |
|||||
|
Credit card |
Between Groups |
5.878 |
1 |
5.878 |
3.920 |
.049 |
No |
|
Within Groups |
239.900 |
160 |
1.499 |
||||
|
Total |
245.778 |
161 |
|||||
|
Debit card |
Between Groups |
.711 |
1 |
.711 |
.566 |
.453 |
Yes |
|
Within Groups |
200.900 |
160 |
1.256 |
||||
|
Total |
201.611 |
161 |
|||||
|
Cash |
Between Groups |
3.211 |
1 |
3.211 |
4.339 |
.039 |
No |
|
Within Groups |
118.400 |
160 |
.740 |
||||
|
Total |
121.611 |
161 |
|||||
(Source: Compiled from primary data collected through structured Questionnaire)
Table – 10 depicts results of ANOVA test conducted to examine association between mode of payment and gender. Result shows that at 5% significance level there is significant association of gender with E-wallet, internet banking and debit card.
Table – 11 One Way ANOVA – Mode of Payment and Education
|
ONE WAY ANOVA –MODE OF PAYMENT AND EDUCATION |
|
|
|||||
|
Sum of Squares |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
Sig. |
Association |
||
|
E-Wallet |
Between Groups |
6.685 |
3 |
2.228 |
2.333 |
.076 |
Yes |
|
Within Groups |
150.926 |
158 |
.955 |
||||
|
Total |
157.611 |
161 |
|||||
|
Internet Banking |
Between Groups |
4.451 |
3 |
1.484 |
1.233 |
.299 |
Yes |
|
Within Groups |
190.049 |
158 |
1.203 |
||||
|
Total |
194.500 |
161 |
|||||
|
Credit card |
Between Groups |
3.167 |
3 |
1.056 |
.687 |
.561 |
Yes |
|
Within Groups |
242.611 |
158 |
1.536 |
||||
|
Total |
245.778 |
161 |
|||||
|
Debit card |
Between Groups |
8.232 |
3 |
2.744 |
2.242 |
.086 |
Yes |
|
Within Groups |
193.379 |
158 |
1.224 |
||||
|
Total |
201.611 |
161 |
|||||
|
Cash |
Between Groups |
5.552 |
3 |
1.851 |
2.519 |
.060 |
Yes |
|
Within Groups |
116.059 |
158 |
.735 |
||||
|
Total |
121.611 |
161 |
|||||
(Source: Compiled from primary data collected through structured Questionnaire)
Data in table -11 shows result of NAOVA test conducted to study association between mode of payment and education. At 5% significance level education is significantly associated with all the modes of payment.
Table – 12 One Way ANOVA – Mode of Payment and Occupation
|
ONE WAY ANOVA –MODE OF PAYMENT AND OCCUPATION |
|||||||
|
Sum of Squares |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
Sig. |
Association |
||
|
E-Wallet |
Between Groups |
16.841 |
4 |
4.210 |
4.696 |
.001 |
No |
|
Within Groups |
140.770 |
157 |
.897 |
||||
|
Total |
157.611 |
161 |
|||||
|
Internet Banking |
Between Groups |
15.512 |
4 |
3.878 |
3.402 |
.011 |
No |
|
Within Groups |
178.988 |
157 |
1.140 |
||||
|
Total |
194.500 |
161 |
|||||
|
Credit card |
Between Groups |
21.196 |
4 |
5.299 |
3.704 |
.007 |
No |
|
Within Groups |
224.582 |
157 |
1.430 |
||||
|
Total |
245.778 |
161 |
|||||
|
Debit card |
Between Groups |
16.078 |
4 |
4.019 |
3.401 |
.011 |
No |
|
Within Groups |
185.534 |
157 |
1.182 |
||||
|
Total |
201.611 |
161 |
|||||
|
Cash |
Between Groups |
10.204 |
4 |
2.551 |
3.595 |
.008 |
No |
|
Within Groups |
111.407 |
157 |
.710 |
||||
|
Total |
121.611 |
161 |
|||||
(Source: Compiled from primary data collected through structured Questionnaire)
Data in table -12 shows result of NAOVA test conducted to study association between mode of payment and occupation of respondents. Result of ANOVA test proves that at 5% significance level occupation is not significantly associated with any mode of payment.
Table – 13 One Way ANOVA – Mode of Payment and Family Income
|
ONE WAY ANOVA –MODE OF PAYMENT AND FAMILY INCOME |
|
||||||
|
Sum of Squares |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
Sig. |
Association |
||
|
E-Wallet |
Between Groups |
19.282 |
3 |
6.427 |
7.848 |
.000 |
No |
|
Within Groups |
124.488 |
152 |
.819 |
||||
|
Total |
143.769 |
155 |
|||||
|
Internet Banking |
Between Groups |
30.531 |
3 |
10.177 |
10.180 |
.000 |
No |
|
Within Groups |
151.950 |
152 |
1.000 |
||||
|
Total |
182.481 |
155 |
|||||
|
Credit card |
Between Groups |
18.468 |
3 |
6.156 |
4.177 |
.007 |
No |
|
Within Groups |
224.013 |
152 |
1.474 |
||||
|
Total |
242.481 |
155 |
|||||
|
Debit card |
Between Groups |
.168 |
3 |
.056 |
.043 |
.988 |
Yes |
|
Within Groups |
200.313 |
152 |
1.318 |
||||
|
Total |
200.481 |
155 |
|||||
|
Cash |
Between Groups |
5.758 |
3 |
1.919 |
2.519 |
.060 |
No |
|
Within Groups |
115.800 |
152 |
.762 |
||||
|
Total |
121.558 |
155 |
|||||
(Source: Compiled from primary data collected through structured Questionnaire)
Data in table -12 shows result of NAOVA test conducted to study association between mode of payment and family income. At 5% significance level family income is not significantly associated with any mode of payment except debit card.
Table – 14 One Way ANOVA Importance of Attributes and Occupation
|
ONE WAYANOVA – IMPORTANCE OF ATTRIBUTES AND OCCUPATION |
|||||||
|
Sum of Squares |
Df |
Mean Square |
F |
Sig. |
Association |
||
|
Pricing |
Between Groups |
4.332 |
4 |
1.083 |
2.680 |
.034 |
No |
|
Within Groups |
63.445 |
157 |
.404 |
||||
|
Total |
67.778 |
161 |
|||||
|
Ease of use |
Between Groups |
2.496 |
4 |
.624 |
2.593 |
.039 |
No |
|
Within Groups |
37.782 |
157 |
.241 |
||||
|
Total |
40.278 |
161 |
|||||
|
Security |
Between Groups |
2.311 |
4 |
.578 |
2.260 |
.065 |
Yes |
|
Within Groups |
40.134 |
157 |
.256 |
||||
|
Total |
42.444 |
161 |
|||||
|
Privacy |
Between Groups |
3.568 |
4 |
.892 |
2.799 |
.028 |
No |
|
Within Groups |
50.043 |
157 |
.319 |
||||
|
Total |
53.611 |
161 |
|||||
|
Discount offers |
Between Groups |
10.318 |
4 |
2.580 |
7.761 |
.000 |
No |
|
Within Groups |
52.182 |
157 |
.332 |
||||
|
Total |
62.500 |
161 |
|||||
|
Its trendy to use |
Between Groups |
2.866 |
4 |
.716 |
1.627 |
.170 |
Yes |
|
Within Groups |
69.134 |
157 |
.440 |
||||
|
Total |
72.000 |
161 |
|||||
|
Usage by peers |
Between Groups |
5.706 |
4 |
1.427 |
.930 |
.448 |
Yes |
|
Within Groups |
240.738 |
157 |
1.533 |
||||
|
Total |
246.444 |
161 |
|||||
|
E-Commerce |
Between Groups |
5.451 |
4 |
1.363 |
2.522 |
.043 |
No |
|
Within Groups |
84.827 |
157 |
.540 |
||||
|
Total |
90.278 |
161 |
|||||
|
Record Keeping of transactions |
Between Groups |
218.579 |
4 |
54.645 |
6.505 |
.000 |
No |
|
Within Groups |
1293.761 |
154 |
8.401 |
||||
|
Total |
1512.340 |
158 |
|||||
|
Refund of failed transaction |
Between Groups |
20.230 |
4 |
5.057 |
.681 |
.606 |
Yes |
|
Within Groups |
1165.770 |
157 |
7.425 |
||||
|
Total |
1186.000 |
161 |
|||||
|
Ability to pay from Anywhere |
Between Groups |
3.509 |
4 |
.877 |
1.764 |
.139 |
Yes |
|
Within Groups |
78.102 |
157 |
.497 |
||||
|
Total |
81.611 |
161 |
|||||
|
Cashback benefits |
Between Groups |
6.076 |
4 |
1.519 |
3.523 |
.009 |
No |
|
Within Groups |
67.702 |
157 |
.431 |
||||
(Source: Compiled from primary data collected through structured Questionnaire)
Data in table 14 depicts result of NAOVA test conducted to study the relationship between importance of Attributes inducing use of E-wallet and Occupation. Result indicates that at 5% significance level occupation is significantly associated with security, usage by peers, refund of failed transactions, ability to pay from anywhere and its trendy to use E-wallet.
1. There is decent adoption( 50.94%) of E-wallets among the respondents.
2. Significant reasons for low preference of E-wallet as amode of payment includes tendency of people to do not move out of comfort of using traditional mode of payments, privacy concerns and security.
3. Still there is no broad based usage of E-wallets on routine bases as majority users are using E-wallets once in a month.
4. E-wallet is preferred mode of payment for mobile recharge and payment of bills.
5. The three important attributes that play major role in consumer’s adoption of E-wallet are security, privacy concerns and pricing (fees)
6. Paytm is endorsed with highest brand recall among the respondents
7. The major problems frequently encountered by the respondents while using E-wallet are long transaction time taken by E-wallet for processing the transaction, security breach and delayed payment.
8. Demonetization drive has contributed immensely towards awareness, usage and acceptance of online payment.
E-wallets are rapidly gainingacceptance as a mainstream mode of payment and in near future it will garner significant share as a mode of payment for sure going online as well as offline business. Days are not far where we will see most of the payment happening through f our mobile cameras scanning against the teller to pay the bills for purchases via virtual wallets.This Study indicated that main reasons for low preference of E-wallet as mode of payment are tendency of people to do not move out of comfort of using traditional mode of payments, privacy concerns and threat to security. E-wallet users give very high level of importance to attributes like security, privacy concerns and pricing (Fees). The major problems frequently encountered by the respondents while using E-wallet are long transaction time taken by E-wallet for processing the transaction, security breach and delayed payment. Demonetization drive of government of India has contributed immensely towards awareness, usage and acceptance of online payment. Future of E-wallets seems promising.
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