By:
Dr. N. S. PANDEY*
PONNI .R**
*Assistant Professor ** Research Scholar
P.G & RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
KANCHI MAMUNIVAR CENTRE FOR POST GRADUATE STUDIES
(Autonomous - Term II)
NAAC Re-accredited “A” Grade
(Centre with Potential for Excellence by UGC Phase – II)
(Affiliated to Pondicherry Central University)
PUDUCHERRY-605 008.
* Email: drnspandey@gmail.com
**Email: ponnirajasekaran@gmail.com
The present study seeks to examine the impact of corporate leverage on profitability of pharmaceutical industry in India. The period of study is considered for 10 years i.e. from 2004-05 to 2013-14. The study is based on Secondary Data. 37 pharmaceutical firms listed in National Stock Exchange (NSE)are considered for analysis during the study period. Three independent variables Financial Leverage (FL) , Operating Leverage (OL), and Combined Leverage (CL) and three dependent variables Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE) and Earning Per Share( EPS) have been used and tested by using regression and correlation analysis as statistical tools. The findings of the study indicate that there is a significant impact of CL and OL on Profitability (ROA, ROE and EPS) have significant impact on the CL on Profitability is chosen by pharmaceutical Industry in India for the study period.
Key words: Capital structure, operating leverage, financial leverage, combined leverage.
JEL Classification code: G34, G30, G31, G32.
Jensen (1986) argues that firms having more internally generated funds than positive net present value investment opportunities, the presence of debt in the firm’s Capital Structure may force managers to utilize the funds in servicing the debt which could have been utilized in investing in negative net present value projects at the detriment of shareholder’s interest..
Matt (2000) stated “Financial Leverage (FL) is the final component of return on equity. FL is a measure of how much firm uses equity and debt to finance its assets. As debt increases, FL increases. Management tends to prefer equity financing over debt since it carries less risk.” Pandey (2006) described the use of the fixed-charges sources of funds, such as debts and preference capital along with the owner’s equity in the capital structure, is described as financial leverage or gearing or trading on equity.
This study is very useful for the financial manager to know the variables, which affect the debt equity mix of the Pharmaceutical industry in India.
The result of this study is significant to the lending institutions to prevent and to decrease non-performing assets, while granting loans and advances to companies belonging to Pharmaceutical industry in India.
Shareholders too stand to gain out of the results of the study .They can understand the magnitude of leverage engaged by the Pharmaceutical Industry and accordingly reorganize their portfolio.
The study is limited to analyze for a period of ten years i.e., from 2004-05 to 2013-14 and the study is limited to the Pharmaceutical Industry with the firms which have listing flag with national stock exchange and Bombay stock exchange.
The following objectives of the present study with reference to the impact of leverage on profitability of selected Indian Pharmaceutical industry have been listed out.
The study is based on the secondary source of data. The relevant data for the measurement of variables was taken from the national stock exchange (NSE) (www.nseindia.com), and money control (www.moneycontrol.com).
There are 74 Pharmaceutical industry in India listed in NSE. Originally it was decided to consider all the Pharmaceutical industries are listed in NSE for better analysis. It was found that some firms have only adequate data for a period of 10 years while the others do not have. The final sample size of the study are limited to 37 firms whose data are adequately available for last 10 years I. e. from the period 2004-2005 to 2013-2014. The multistage sampling technique has been used in this study. Hence, 37 firms have been considered for this study.
The aforementioned hypotheses have been formulated in connection with the objectives of the present and tested. The present study has selected the sample firms from Pharmaceutical industry in India which are listed in NSE by using the technique of multi-stage sampling. The reason for choosing these firms from the listing flag of NSE is due to the fact that the NSE is one of the largest stock exchange in India.
This study is related to Pharmaceutical industry in India. The reason of selecting these companies is that the data or financial statements are easily available for them. Convenient Sampling techniques have been adopted for the study.
Veni and Narayanan (2002) has Studied "Leverage, Capital Structure, Dividend Policy and Practices — the management Accountant" the Leverage, Capital Structure dividend Policy and practices on Coromandel Fertilizers ltd. This study reveals the effect of debt-equity mix and its impact and the dividend policy and also the leverage impact. Mohanty (2003) found in the study entitled, “Are view of research on the practices of corporate finance”, that value of the firm both within industry as well as within the Indian economy and leverage is negatively related with profitability. It also found that companies spend a large sum of money on advertisement and research and development expenditure are least levered. Aivazian (2005) analysed the “The impact of leverage on firm’s investment Canadian evidence”, impact of leverage on investment on Canadian industrial companies cover the period from 1982 to 1999. They found a negative relationship between investment and leverage and that the relationship is higher for low growth firms rather than high growth firms.
Narender and Sharma (2006), concluded in the study entitled “Determinants of Capital Structure in Public Enterprises” and the study found that the tangibility of asset influenced the leverage in the price earnings ratios.. Singh and Chitto (2008) analyzed in the study “Does financial leverage influence Investment Decision. The case of Mauritian Firms? ” the study inferred that leverage has a significant negative effect on investments and suggested it is not the case for high growth firm.
Kumamangalam and Govindasami (2010) have examined the impact of leverage on the profitability of selected cement companies in India. It explains the relationship between debt equity ratio & earnings per share and how effectively the firm uses debt financing. Its result of the study suggested that leverage, profitability and growth are positively related and leverage had impact on profitability of firm. Virani (2010) in the study “impact of leverage on profitability of pantaloon retail India Ltd” had stated that finance decision was concerned with selection of correct mix of debt and equity in its capital structure. The study inferred that company should reframe its capital structure and capacity utilization for further capability in future. Peswani (2011) found that a Marico industries Ltd is high leveraged firms than Britannia industries Ltd. A high leveraged firm had given high return on equity to its shareholders but the profitability of both the companies was similar.
Khalid (2012) examined in the study titled “the determinants of leverage of listed companies” . It was found that both industrial and services had no significant relationship. The findings of the study revealed that the growth rate, liquidity, and tangibility have significant relationship with leverage. Olayinka and Taiwo (2012) examined “Profitability and leverage: Evidence from Nigerian firms” the study analyzed the profit profile of firms in Nigeria and found leverage has an impact on profitability.
Khushbakht (2013) observed in the study and concluded that there is a positive correlation between ROA and DFL, while there is negative correlation between ROA and DOL. DFL and ROI have inverse relationship and similarly DOL and ROI also have negative relationship. The correlation result found that there is a significant relationship between DFL and EPS while there is negative correlation between DOL and EPS. The overall finding shows that there is no significant effect of DFL and DOL on ROA, ROE, ROI and EPS. Khaled et al. (2013) examined in the study entitled “Impact of Leverage and Managerial Skills on Shareholders’ Return ” A sample of research paper entitled “Leverage, governance and wealth effects of asset purchasers” The study examined a sample of 670 firms and inferred that announcement-period returns decrease with the seller's Z-score, suggesting that buyers benefit from the lower liquidity of assets sold by sellers with lower debt capacity and higher financial distress.
Patel (2014) delineated in the study entitled “ Impact of leverage on profitability: A study of sabar dairy” . The findings of the study showed that sabar dairy has use the operating leverage, financial leverage and total leverage satisfactorily. Edwin et al. (2014) inferred in the study titled “ financial leverage and performance variance among banks. Evidence of tier commercial banks listed on Nairobi security exchange Kenya ” that the analysis showed negative correlation between debt asset ratio and ROAC, and ROCE though not found significant. Yadav (2014) examined in the study entitled “Determinants of the capital structure and financial leverage: Evidence of selected Indian companies” . The study found that there is a relationship between financial leverage and determinants of capital structure.
Pandey and Prabhavathi (2016) found in the study and the result of the simple and multiple regression inferred return on capital employed, return on equity, return on debt, net worth, reserve fund, borrowings, investment as well as gross fixed assets have significant impact of financial leverage which means that the debt cost is strongly associated with the returns of the firms.. Pandey et al. (2016) investigated in the study that there is a significant and negative relationship between leverage and firms’ profitability.
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Regression Model used for Analysis
In statistics, regression analysis is a statistical process for estimating the relationships among variables. It includes many techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables (or 'predictors').
Regression is a statistical tool for the potentiality of the relationship between one response variable (normally expressed by Y) and a series of other changing variables (assumed as predictor variables). It is used to measure impact of independent and dependent variable.
Correlations Analysis
Correlation and regression analysis are related in the sense that both deal with relationships among variables. The correlation coefficient is a measure of linear association between two variables. Values of the correlation coefficient are always between -1 and +1.
Correlations are useful because they can indicate a predictive relationship that can be exploited in practice.
The following table shows mean, standard deviation and CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) of ROA, ROE, EPS of sample units presented in the Table. Standard deviation as a statistical to assess the variability or diversity used in statistics and probability theory it indicates how much variation or dispersion is there from the average (mean, or expected value). A low standard deviation give results that the data points tend to be very close to the mean, whether high standard deviation result shows that the data are spread out over a large range of values.
Compound annual growth rate (CARG) is an average. Growth rate over a period of several years it is a geometric average of annual growth rates
CAGR = ((Ending value/Starting value) (1/Number of years)-1)
The investor can compare the CAGR in order to evaluate how will one stock has performed against the other stock in a pear group or against a market index. The CAGR can also be used to compare the historical returns of stocks to bond or a savings account. When using the CAGR, it is important to remember two thinks: The CAGR does not reflect investment risk, and one must use the same time periods. When CAGR is negative, it means that it can vary significantly from one year to another, and CAGR does not reflect volatility. CAGR is a pro forma number that provides a “smoothed” annual yield, so it can give the illustration that here is a steady growth rate even when the value of the underlying investment can vary significantly this volatility, or investment risk, is important to consider while making investment decisions.
Operating leverage
Itis a measure of how revenue growth transforms into growth inoperatingincome. It is a measure ofleverage, and of how risky, or volatile, a company'soperatingincome is.
Earnings per share:
The portion of a company's profit allocated to each outstanding share of common stock. Earnings per share serve as an indicator of a company's profitability. It is directly taken from profit and loss account.
Results of Descriptive Statistics
The hypotheses developed to study the impact of selected financial variables on corporate Leverages were tested using regression model and correlation model. The results of regression model and correlation model show that:
Findings of Correlation Model:
Conclusion
