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Dr. Ruchi Srivastava Surya College of Business Management Lucknow |
Dr. DS Chaubey Uttaranchal Institute of Management Dehradun |
With Liberalization and opening up of economy since early nineties, India is witnessing rapid expansion of industrial activities. Human Resource Management, its development and retention has become a great challenge to the professional engaged in this sector. The future of this sector is promising and can only sustain with the future challenge of change if it is managed professionally. Recently, adopting of policies of liberalization and globalization of the business, it provided an opportunity to private sector to grow more and more and also challenged the management to retain skilled asset in the organization. Subsequent emergence of the cut throat competition again offers enormous opportunities to the workers to pickup one of the several jobs available in the market to satisfy their need. Thus it will be no exaggeration to claim that effective labour management has become one of the important key for successful operation of the business unit, the management adopts various financial and non financial incentive as a motivator for employees in Lucknow area.
In the modern age of fast changing science and technology, there has been an increasing recognition of the importance of human resource development. The management scientists around the world have been concerned about the major problems of personnel management stemming from the fast changing socio-economic composition of our society. The study of labour management, their motivation and factors motivating them to work hard and work smart has become a great challenge to the professionals engaged in the management of any private or public sector enterprises.
With liberalization and opening up of economy since early nineties, India is witnessing rapid expansion of industrial activities. The presence of multinational companies into Indian market has posed many challenges to the management. Information revolution has given many opportunities to the worker to pickup various jobs available in the market. In order to survive sustain and grow, the management adopts various financial and non financial incentive policies to motivate its employee and increase the loyalty. Present paper is an attempt to explore the role of financial and non financial incentive as a motivator for the employees working in different private and public sector industries of Lucknow area.
The increasing competition and changing behavior of employees of over the world are forcing the organization to bring modification in their Human Resource Strategies. It has been realized that to hold the cream of the employees one has to follow financial as well as non financial incentives. Empirical studies and various researches on employee motivation indicates that both the financial and non financial incentive are effective in motivating the employees at the different stage of employee Life cycle. It is provided that good compensation plan well administered have a positive effect on the entire enterprise. Employees are happier in their work, their cooperation and loyalty are higher. Productive outputs are up and quality is better. It is also found that in the absence of a motivation plan employees morale become lower.
The present study is part of a larger study which seeks to develop an understanding of the impact of financial and non financial incentives on the employees’ behavior who are working in different private and public sector enterprises of Lucknow area. The purpose of the study reported herein was to identify preferences of employees about various financial and non financial incentives provided to them by their employers. The following objectives were set up to guide the study:
The research methodology adopted for the proposed study will include the following:
Following statistical techniques were used to analyze the data:
The Following hypothesis was made:
Hypothesis no.1: Respondents perception about matching of their
salary is not associated with their educational qualification.
Hypothesis no 2: Respondent’s age is not associate with their willingness to work outside Lucknow area
Though the study represent the position of professional aspirations of youth in Lucknow city, due to very small sample size , the finding may not be a true representation and it cannot be generalized but it give a better prospect for future study and may have a wide application in future.
Table No 1: Age Classification of Respondents
| S.No | Description | Total No. Respondents | Percentage |
| 1. | Upto25 years | 44 | 29.73 |
| 2. | 26 to 40 years | 92 | 62.16 |
| 3. | Above 40 years | 12 | 8.11 |
| Total | 148 | 100 |
Inference: Age Analysis of respondents indicates that most of respondents falls in the age group of 26-40 years as it was indicated by 62.16 percent respondents in the sample. The respondents in the age group of 25 year and below account for 29,73 percent and the remaining 8.11 percent respondents fall in the age group of above 40 years.
Table No.2 Sex Classification of Respondents
| S.N | Description | Total No Respondents | Percentage |
| 1. | Male | 96 | 62.16 |
| 2. | Female | 52 | 37.84 |
| Total | 148 | 100 |
Inference: The data pertaining to sex categories reveals that 62.16 percent of the respondents belongs to male and 37.84 percent in the female category.
Table No .3: Marital Status wise Classification of Respondents
| S.N | Description | Total No Respondents | Percentage |
| 1 | Married | 60 | 40.54 |
| 2 | Unmarried | 88 | 59.46 |
| Total | 148 | 100 |
Inference: The information pertaining to sex categories reveals that 40.54 percent of the respondents fall in the married and 59.46 percent in the un married category.
Table No.4: Educational Qualification wise Classification of Respondents
| S.N | Description | Total No Respondents | Percentage |
| 1. | Matric & Below | 05 | 3.38 |
| 2. | Undergraduate | 8 | 5.41 |
| 3. | Graduate | 24 | 16.22 |
| 4. | Post Graduate | 58 | 39.19 |
| 5. | Professional Qualification | 53 | 35.81 |
| Total | 148 | 100 |
Inference: The information related to educational qualifications of the respondents indicates that most of the respondents were having post graduate and other professional degree to their credit as it was indicated by 75 % respondents in the sample. As many as 16.22% respondents are having education up to graduation. Very few only (5.41 and 3.38%) respondents were having educational qualification upto under graduation ad matric respectively.
Table No. 5. Classification of Respondents on the basis of Family Size
| S.N | Description | No of Respondents | Percentage |
| 1 | Upto 4 members | 33 | 22.30 |
| 2 | 4 to 6 members | 84 | 56.76 |
| 3 | More than 6 members | 31 | 20.95 |
| Total | 148 | 100 |
Inference: The analysis suggests that the sample includes 22.30%, 56.76%, 20.95% respondents whose family size is less then 4 members ,4 to 6 member and more than 6 members respectively. Analysis clearly signifies that the sample is dominated by the respondents whose family size is 4 to 6 members.
Table No. 6: Income wise Classification of Respondents
| S.N | Description | Total No Respondents | Percentage |
| 1 | Upto Rs 5000 per month | 25 | 16.89 |
| 2 | From Rs 5000-10000pm | 65 | 43.92 |
| 3 | From Rs 10000-Rs 15000pm | 36 | 24.32 |
| 4 | Above Rs. 15000pm | 22 | 14.85 |
| Total | 148 | 100 |
Inference: Data relating to the income of the respondents indicated that as many as 16.89 percent respondents were from the monthly income group of up to Rs.5000 per month. 43.925 percent respondents were having monthly family income between Rs 5000 to Rs 10000 per month and 24.32 percent respondent were having monthly income between Rs 10000-15000 pm. Remaining 14.86 percent respondents shown their income more than Rs 15000 pm.
Table No 7: Present Nature of Industry
| Description | Total No. of Respondents | Percentage |
| Manufacturing Industry | 07 | 4.73 |
| Trading Industry | 20 | 13.51 |
| Service Industry | 109 | 73.65 |
| Any other | 12 | 8.11 |
| Total | 148 | 100 |
Inference: The sample included most of the respondents from service industry as it was indicated by 73.65 percent respondents in the sample. 13.51 % respondents belong to trading industry, 4.73 percent respondent belongs to manufacturing industry and remaining 8.11% belong to other unspecified categories
Table No.8: Job Profile of the Employees
| Description | Total No. Respondents | Percentage |
| Worker | 17 | 11.49 |
| Supervisor | 35 | 23.65 |
| Managerial | 31 | 20.95 |
| Any Other | 65 | 43.92 |
| Total | 148 | 100 |
Inference: The analysis presented in the table indicates that as many as 11.49%, 23.65% and 20.95% respondents belong to respectively worker, supervisor and managerial categories, the remaining 43.92% belong to other categories employees.
Table No.9: Category of Employment
| Description | Total No Respondents | Percentage |
| Permanent | 65 | 43.92 |
| Adhoc | 47 | 31.76 |
| Daily wage/work charge | 19 | 12.84 |
| Any Other | 17 | 11.49 |
| Total | 148 | 100 |
Inferences : The information related to employment categories indicates that majority of the respondents have permanent job as it was indicated by 43.92 percent respondent in the sample .31.76% employees indicated that they are working on adhoc basis .12.84 percent indicated that they are daily wages worker and remaining 11.49 percent indicated other unspecified categories of their employment
Table No.10: Nature of Job in the Organization
| Nature of Job | Total No.Respondents | Percentage |
| Risky | 19 | 12.84 |
| Hard | 13 | 8.78 |
| Challenging | 67 | 45.27 |
| Volatile | 09 | 6.08 |
| Normal and Easy | 23 | 15.54 |
| Creative | 17 | 11.49 |
| Total | 148 | 100 |
Inference: Employee motivation is highly dependent on the nature of the job he is performing in the organization. The analysis presented in the above table projects that 45.27% of respondents believe that their job is of challenging nature. 12.84% revealed that their job is risky in nature. 8.78%, 6.08% respondent respectively indicated that their job is hard and volatile in nature. Another 15.54% respondent indicated that their job is normal and easy and 11.49% respondent project that their job is creative in nature. Analysis signifies that the sample is dominated by the those respondent who say that their job is challenging in nature.
Table No.11: Employee’s Opinion about the importance of Job in the Organization
| Description | No.of Respondents | Percentage |
| Very much important | 93 | 62.84 |
| Little important | 47 | 31.76 |
| Not important at all | 08 | 5.41 |
| Total | 148 | 100 |
Inference: It is observed that most of the employees among the respondents believe that their job is very much important as it was indicated by 62.84 percent respondent in the sample. 31.36 percent feel that their job is having little importance in the organization. Very few employees (541%) indicated that their job is not important at all.
Table No.12: Matching of Job with salary
| Extent of Job Match with Salary | No. of Respondents | Percentage |
| To a great extent | 21 | 14.19 |
| To a considerable extent | 45 | 30.41 |
| To some extent | 57 | 38.51 |
| Not at all | 25 | 16.89 |
| Total | 148 | 100 |
Inference: The information presented in the table indicated that very few employees (14.19%) indicated that their job matches with their salary to a great extent .30.41%, 38.51% and 16.89% respondent respectively indicated that their job is matching with the salary to varying extent.
Table 13: Employee Perception about Matching of their Job with Salary and Educational Qualification
| To a great Extent | To a Considerable extent | To some extent | Not at all | Total No. of respondents | |
| Matric and Below | (0.567568) | 1(1.216216) | 1(1.540541) | 1(.675676) | 4 |
| Under Graduate | 4( 1.135135) | 0(2.432432) | 4(3.081081) | (1.35135) | 8 |
| Graduate | 4(3.405405) | 8(7.297297) | 4(9.243243) | 8(4.054054) | 24 |
| Post Graduate | 8(7.945946) | 20( 17.02703) | 28(21.56757) | 0(9.459459) | 56 |
| Professional Qly | 4(7.945946) | 16(17.02703) | 20(21.56757) | 16(9.459459) | 12 |
| Total No.Of Respondents | 11 | 17 | 50 | 9 | 87 |
Chi-square (X2) =35.1099
Source: Data from Field Survey
(Figures in Bracket indicate expected frequency)
Inference: An attempt was made to assess degree of association between employee perception about matching of their job with salary and their educational qualification. The calculated value of the Chi Square test statistics (X2) =35.1099 at 5 percent level of significance is greater than the tabulated value (21.026) with 12 degree of freedom. Hence the null hypothesis stands indicating that the two attributes are independent or not associated.
Table No.14: Provisions of Financial Incentive for the Good Job Done in the organization of Respondents
| Employee’s Responses | No. Of Respondents | Percentage |
| Yes | 61 | 41.22 |
| No | 66 | 44.59 |
| Can not say | 21 | 14.19 |
| Total | 148 | 100 |
Inference: Financial incentives play an important role in keeping the morale of the employee high in the organization. Keeping this into consideration, an attempt was made to know whether there is any provision of financial incentive for the employee for the good job done in the organization. The data reveals that 41.22% of employees among the sample responded that there is provision of financial incentive for the good job done by them in the organization. While 44.59% said that they don’t get any kind of financial incentive when they perform good job 14.14% respondent expressed their unawareness about the incentive plan available in the organization.
Table No.15: Type of Incentive for Good Job Done
| Type of Incentive | No. of Respondents | Percentage |
| Regular Incentive in cash | 37 | 60.66 |
| Instantaneous incentive in cash or in kind | 24 | 39.34 |
| Total | 148 | 100 |
Inference: An attempt was made to know the nature of incentive from those respondents who get incentive from their organization. Analysis indicated that among the 61 respondents who get financial incentive for the good job done by them in their organization ,60.66% get regular incentive in cash and 39.34% get instantaneous incentive in cash or in kind.
Table No 16: Various kinds of incentives provided to the Respondents by their Organization.
| Incentive | No of Respondents | Percentage |
| Only 1 type of incentive | 44 | 72.13 |
| 2 types of incentive | 11 | 18.03 |
| 3 types of incentive | 01 | 1.64 |
| More than 3 types of incentive | 05 | 8.2 |
| Total | 148 | 100 |
Inference: Respondents receive one or more than one kind of incentives from their organization. These different type of incentives include Additional Increment, Bonus, Money in lieu of medical facility , Target incentives , Children education Allowances , Leave allowances and any other kind of incentive. Respondents were asked to list the incentives provided to them by their organization. The above data shows that 72.13 % of employees get only one type of incentives from their organization. 18.03% receives two types of incentives, 1.64% employees indicated three types of incentives and 8.2% employees indicated that they get more than three types of incentives from their organization.
Table No.17: Preference of Incentive
Respondents were asked about their preference for incentives. Among the three kinds of incentives, they were asked to rank them according to their choices. The result obtained in tabulated as follows
| Incentive | Rank I | Rank II | Rank III | Composite Weightage | Mean |
| Target Oriented cash incentive | 37 | 57 | 54 | 279 | 1.89 |
| Quality oriented cash incentive | 58 | 73 | 17 | 337 | 2.28 |
| Normal annual bonus | 53 | 16 | 79 | 270 | 1.82 |
Inference: The above table indicated that most of the employees working in Lucknow area prefer quality oriented cash incentive as their first choice as is indicated by maximum weightage given to it. It was followed by target oriented cash incentive and normal annual bonus.
Table No.18: Satisfaction with the Kind of Incentive
| Respondents Opinion | No. of Respondents | Percentage |
| Respondents with positive response | 52 | 35.14 |
| Respondent with negative response | 96 | 64.86 |
| Total | 148 | 100 |
Inference: The level of motivation is highly dependent on the level of satisfaction of the employees with the kind of incentive they get into their organization. Keeping this into consideration an attempt was made to know about the level of satisfaction with the kind of incentive they get. The above table indicates that 35.14% of the respondents are satisfied with the kind of incentive provided to them by the organization while 64.86% respondents are not satisfied.
Table No.19: Willingness to work Outside Lucknow
| Respondents Opinion | No. of Respondents | Percentage |
| Respondent with positive response | 125 | 84.46 |
| Respondent with negative response | 23 | 15.54 |
| Total | 148 | 100 |
Inference: As is show from the above data 854.46% of employees shown their interest to work outside Lucknow area. On the other hand, only 15.54% don’t want to work outside Lucknow area. An attempt was made to assess degree of association between age of the respondents and their willingness to work outside Lucknow area.
| Age/ Respondent’s opinion | Willing to work outside Lucknow | Not willing to work outside ,Lucknow | Total no. of Respondents |
| Upto 25 years | 44(36.86186) | 0.(7.135135) | 44 |
| 26 to 40 years | 68 (77.08108) | 24(14.91892) | 92 |
| Above 40 year | 12(10.05405) | 0.1.945946 | 12 |
| Total | 124 | 24 | 6 |
Chi-square (X2) =17.43535
Source: Data from field Survey
(Figure in Bracket indicate expected frequency)
Inference: The calculated value of the Chi-square test statistics (X2) = 21.68961801 at 5 percent level of significance is greater than the tabulated value (5.991) with 2 degree of freedom. Hence the null hypothesis does not hold good indicating that the two attributes are associated. It means employee’s willingness to work outside Lucknow area depends on their age.
In the present day of cut throat competition and fast changing environment, the Human resource Management has become a great challenge to the management. The concept of financial and non financial incentive and its utility is gaining a new horizon. Liberization, privatization and globalization have created many opportunity for the young aspirants to choose one among the various options available to them. Employee’s mobility is on rise. Financial and non financial incentive has emerged as key variable to motivate the employees, to increase their morale and retain them in future. The study indicated that most of the employees are not satisfied with the present incentive provided to them by their employer. It is also found that most of the employees working in Lucknow area prefer quality oriented cash incentive as their first choice. The information related to employees working Lucknow area prefers quality oriented cash incentive as their first choice. The information related to employee’s mobility indicates that employee’s willingness to work outside Lucknow area depends on their age. It is also found that respondent’s perception about matching of their job salary is not dependent on their educational qualification.
